His famous recording Body and Soul, recorded in 1939, is known for its continuous smooth sound. [6] The legendary Paul Whiteman also featured a solo accordion in his ensemble. Swing is a term often used in reference to large dance bands of 15 or more musicians that played written arrangements using improvised sections alternating with arranged passages by brass and/or reeds. of the United States between 1920 and 1970. Many college and university music departments offer jazz programs and feature big band courses in improvisation, composition, arranging, and studio recording, featuring performances by 18 to 20 piece big bands.[46]. An Autobiography: John Hammond on Record with Irvin Townsend. Steve Zegree; sax: Trent Kynaston; bass: Tom Knific; drums: Tim Froncek). Big Bands evolved with the times and continue to this day. While each instrument in a swing band can be compared to an ingredient in Gumbo, none of them have been equated with the seasoning so far. The term "big band" is also used to describe a genre of music, although this was not the only style of music played by big bands. freedom vs. chaos. (Click Jazz vocalists during this era were highly influenced by horn players. The trumpet section included four trumpets; the first was responsible for the highest notes. Yes drums are like the Roux or Fil in Gumbo. style known as SWING. a vocalist with piano or a small backup group. During the 1960s and '70s, Sun Ra and his Arketstra took big bands further out. Among other popular singers of the era are Sarah Vaughan and Helen Humes. Goodmans band was the first to integrate black and white musicians. Duke Ellington's . during the World War II years. and His Mother Called Him Bill, featured "Blood Count" and "Lotus Blossom," was a tribute album to . Then, during the Swing Era, the sax player Coleman Hawkins changed the way jazz approached improvisation from melody to harmony (horizontal to vertical). So generally the pianist played very rhythmically, and helped keep the beat. Rewrite each sentence following the instructions in parentheses. early style of "Hot Jazz" made its way north to Chicago and east to Bassists generally assumed the role of timekeeper, while drummers functioned in a dual capacity. "Fusion" in its strictest photo by Patricia Schneider. The Henderson band is considerably larger than most syncopated dance bands of the 1920s (eight or nine musicians). They provide the base, the foundation on which the rest of the music can thrive. Coleman Hawkins (19041969) was the first great saxophonist of jazz. Many of the better known bands reflected the individuality of the bandleader, the lead arranger, and the personnel. Congress repealed the Volstead Act, a law that prohibited the manufacture, transportation and sale of alcoholic beverages, in 1933. endstream endobj 1558 0 obj <>stream BASIE popularized "pure" jazz through a "Big Band" John Coltrane's "hard bop" of Coast" Cool Jazz emerged, using Rhythm Section: (click here to see a YouTube - trombones The invention of ______ helped the record industry to recover in the mid-1930s. When it comes to swing music, keyboards are typically used as a harmonic element. Other swing bands in New York City and beyond incorporated the defining elements associated with the Kansas City tradition to which they added their own stamp, as did Chick Webb and His Orchestra (Stomping at the Savoy, 1934), and Lionel Hampton and His Orchestra (Flying Home, 1942). Thats what makes it stand out. Hickman relied on Ferde Grof, Whiteman on Bill Challis. Fitzgerald was unique in her ability to render exact imitations of nearly any instrument in the band. 1570 0 obj <>stream saxophonist Gerry MULLIGAN (of the Gerry Mulligan Quartet of Company B (1941). They danced to recordings and the radio and attended live concerts. Since he could not read music, Webb memorized the arrangements. And they played dance music. Which white swing clarinetist and bandleader, who spent as much of his early career as he could in Harlem, once said, "I was actually leading the life of a Negro musician"? Concert Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2000. Big bands started as accompaniment for dancing. A big band typically consists of approximately 12 to 25 musicians and contains saxophones, trumpets, trombones, and a rhythm section. [1][2] The division in early big bands, from the 1920s to 1930s, was typically two or three trumpets, one or two trombones, three or four saxophones, and a rhythm section of four instruments. The swing era represented the pinnacle of jazzs popularity. Thats intentional; the individual style of each swing band is what makes the music unique, much as the seasoning used in a particular Gumbo can make it one of a kind. $27.95. www.bigfishaudio.com. harmony, structure and instrumentation. They can be used to produce a melody or harmony for nearly every musical style. "Stachmo") is arguably the most influential performer in the history And this is where the term head comes from, meaning the original melody of the song that is, its all in your head, not written down on paper. highly improvisatory style called Bebop, - The ANDREWS SISTERS: The Boogie-Woogie Bugle Boy She recorded with various jazz orchestras, including her own (Long Gone Blues, 1939) and those led by Benny Goodman (Your Mothers Son-in-Law, 1933) and Teddy Wilson (Sugar, 1939). early style of "Hot Jazz" made its way north to Chicago and east to II era. The swing style developed in the 1930s and continued to be popular throughout the 1940s and beyond as a distinctive genre. Fish, Scott K. Duke Ellington vs Chick Webb: We Tore Them Up, Man. March 1, 2016. https://scottkfish.com/2016/03/01/5221/. The first chorus of an arrangement introduces the melody and is followed by choruses of development. In a big band jazz group, at least three trumpets, two trombones, four or more saxophones, and a rhythm section of piano, guitar, bass, and drums are combined with a vocal element. Playing multiple riffs playing at once as a kind of call and response. They were knowledgeable and often biased toward their favorite bands and songs, and sometimes worshipful of famous soloists and vocalists. This intermingling of sections became a defining characteristic of big bands. The Swing Era: The Development of Jazz, 19301945. But on performance day, this band of Lab rats replaces the high-tech gizmos with trumpets, saxophones, trombones, drums and a piano. In Harlem, the creative and literary arts, Black musicals, and big band entertainment flourished within the movement known as the Harlem Renaissance, in which music played as great or possibly a greater role than literature. In the mid-1930s and early 1940s, Lead players (alto sax 1, trombone 1 and trumpet 1) should be in the middle of their sections, in a direct line with one another. Many swing-era compositions were written by professional songwriters employed by song publishing companies. The string bass replaced the tuba and the guitar replaced the banjo. Swing was the predominant style of jazz music played from the late 1920s to mid-1940s. The Orleans musicians begin to consolidate the drum section (bass, snare, cymbals) commonly found in early New Orleans brass bands. Ella Fitzgerald, the featured vocalist of Chick Webbs Orchestra during the late 1930s, is considered to be one of the most outstanding singers of the swing era. collectively . ensemble intimate style of Dixieland jazz into a harder-edged full band sound. In 1927, he taught music at Manassas High School in Memphis and organized a student jazz band. This (click counting pattern over again for each successive variation of the pattern the following instruments: The Professor Daniels book publications include Lester Leaps In: The Life and Times of Lester Pres Young (Beacon, 2002); Pioneer Urbanites: A Social and Cultural History of Black San Francisco; and One Oclock Jump: The Unforgettable History of the Oklahoma City Blue Devils (Beacon Press, 2006). But you also need to inject your style and personality into the music you make. This form maintains the same chord jw7(W3;TEd5SOBmlyb./hh IOQ,+B}I\fT-q\ dJ(0!GF>B)- |0~J;:AC*: Y3[.(&=>:UU5aH@ZLLEc))3c.mcX=ia&1cy]aE~9CB7L_ In the late 1990s, there was a swing revival in the U.S. Orchestra. It was all about showmanship which is epitomised by people like Cab Calloway and Fats Waller. characterized by independent instrumental lines, massive harmonic dissonance, And after years of economic depression, many Americans wanted to have fun. an important catalyst in the socio-political and artistic transformation of One of the most common forms used in jazz A. And they played dance music. The 194244 musicians' strike worsened the situation. Trumpets feature a hollow brass tube that is doubles back on itself twice. Company B, was popularized through records and film by The Andrews Sisters during World War creating a style known as "Dixieland" Jazz or the jukebox The popular appeal of Benny Goodman's Trio and Quartet had a good deal to do with the extroverted energy of Lionel Hampton and Gene Krupa Many musicians served in the military and toured with USO troupes at the front, with Glenn Miller losing his life while traveling between shows. - the tuba was replaced the string bass - the banjo was replaced the guitar - (a&c on test) In the 1970s, popular fusion groups included BLOOD, SWEAT & TEARS, CHICAGO, and SANTANA [25] Billy Strayhorn, for example, was a prolific composer and arranger, frequently collaborating with Duke Ellington, but rarely took on the role of bandleader, which was assumed by Ellington, who himself was a composer and arranger. Some large contemporary European jazz ensembles play mostly avant-garde jazz using the instrumentation of the big bands. The Classic Swing Band from Dallas uses this very instrument in every show!! They used their voices as instruments to demonstrate their command of scat singing. Nostalgia for the Big Band style has kept it alive today. Glenn Miller used a clarinet over his saxophone for identification. Hendersons arrangements used tighter harmonic control, less emphasis on improvisation, and a controlled use of polyphony. The genre was gradually absorbed into mainstream pop rock and the jazz rock sector.[45]. ", One of the most common forms used in jazz New York was an important geographic area for the developments leading toward the swing style of jazz. Ellington recorded this syllables). Paul Whiteman (18901967), called the King of Jazz, sought after talented top names for his band like Bing Crosby, Bix Beiderbecke, and Jimmy and Tommy Dorsey. Most swing was performed by Big Bands, which were literally big bands, divided into trumpets, saxophones, trombones, and a rhythm section consisting mostly of drums, bass, guitar, and piano. Samplephonics Soulful Brass Constructions (say, the brass section, i.e., trumpets and trombones) would play a musical phrase and then be "answered" by another section (say, the . [9] During the 1940s, somewhat smaller configurations of the big band emerged in the form of the "rhythm sextet". of jazz City. Many bands toured the country in grueling one-night stands. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Big_band&oldid=1142698476, This page was last edited on 3 March 2023, at 22:19. until you reach projected in the way the drums and bass express the beat, how the piano YouTube clip with basic piano chords, click here to see a YouTube (who are noted for their blending of Afro-Cuban jazz elements within a And there were also 2 different styles of Swing music. Short, repeated refrains or phrases, or riffs, are common in jazz. the late 1930s through the 1950s, Duke Ellington was one of the premier swing band Click Ella Fitzgerald contributed to the success of Webbs band in New York City. Along this historical journey, jazz has been Hickman's arranger, Ferde Grof, wrote arrangements in which he divided the jazz orchestra into sections that combined in various ways. Important New York figures of this time include Chick Webb, Jimmie Lunceford, and Duke Ellington. Click here for a FREE preview of The Classic Swing Bands newest CD Ballroom Dance Favorites.. African American big band arrangers such as Fletcher Henderson and Eddie Durham were major contributors to the success of white bandleaders such as Benny Goodman, Artie Shaw, and Glen Miller. bWkwf>JW'wJj_]6/?NxP]-0_wg"2;WjbuY5sujr7g/sueG>trp~ZBV7]M(//m!o/f[^fb]x>f]aX?UnAW|ng)]s? 1U^ p(s XA@H:@!+H30q:pYL4#9 S In The band features selections mostly from the swing era, with a dose of 50's Sinatra and 60's hipsters. In the 1940s, an intensely virtuosic and Trumpets A prominent feature of swing music is a leading brass section, which is often provided by a trumpet. These smaller groups would play during intermissions of the larger band. intricate fast rhythms and tremendous Jazz is America's [1], Duke Ellington led his band at the Cotton Club in Harlem. [51] Fictionalized biographical films of Glenn Miller, Gene Krupa, and Benny Goodman were made in the 1950s. Modern big bands can be found playing all styles of jazz music. Other methods of embellishing the form include modulations and cadential extensions. Swing bands featured a large ensemble of Byron Almen, Dorothy Payne, Stefan Kostka. ELLINGTON and William "Count" Progressive bands were led by Dizzy Gillespie, Gil Evans, Carla Bley, Toshiko Akiyoshi and Lew Tabackin, Don Ellis, and Anthony Braxton. Many bands from the swing era continued for decades after the death or departure of their founders and namesakes, and some are still active in the 21st century, often referred to as "ghost bands", a term attributed to Woody Herman, referring to orchestras that persist in the absence of their original leaders. Swing bands featured orchestras with sections of trumpets, saxophones, and _________________. These ensembles typically featured three or more accordions accompanied by piano, guitar, bass, cello, percussion, and marimba with vibes and were popularized by recording artists such as Charles Magnante,[10][11] Joe Biviano[12][13] and John Serry. The jazz musician relies on three basic elements of the song to develop Compared to Dixieland bands, swing bands used two or three times as many players and produced a fuller sound. [7][8], Jazz ensembles numbering eight (octet), nine (nonet) or ten (tentet) voices are sometimes called "little big bands". uses "call and response" Improvisation: This can be best described as "composing and In the early years of Jazz, and up until the Swing Era, the piano was still very much rooted in the rhythm section of the band. The Cotton Club, Harlem, New York City, early 1930s. [30], Some big ensembles, like King Oliver's, played music that was half-arranged, half-improvised, often relying on head arrangements. White teenagers and young adults were the principal fans of the big bands in the late 1930s and early 1940s. Jazz began in New Orleans in the of many things they must think about while they are playing. black jazz musicians developed an intense While the trumpet is commonly featured in a swing band, a saxophone is also often used to enhance melodies. Louis Armstrong was the first to establish vocals as a part of an instrumental tradition. the late 1930s through the 1950s, Duke Ellington was one of the premier swing band accompaniment (acoustic bass with piano and/or guitar). Gioia, Ted. 2. A versatile instrument, the saxophone is swing musics version of the Holy Trinity (celery, bell peppers and onions) used in Gumbo. The style features prominent horn riffs, call and response between the brass and reed sections, and a consistent rhythmic drive derived from walking and/or boogie-woogie-type bass lines. Unlike the concert band, the lead players should never be seated on the end of the section. Henderson and arranger Don Redman followed the template of King Oliver, but as the 1920s progressed they moved away from the New Orleans format and transformed jazz. Three bypass valves over the tube can be used to lower the pitch of the trumpet. They were assisted by a band full of talent: Coleman Hawkins on tenor saxophone, Louis Armstrong on cornet, and multi-instrumentalist Benny Carter, whose career lasted into the 1990s.[1]. The "Modern Popular Music" chart below, They gave a greater role to bandleaders, arrangers, and sections of instruments rather than soloists. Please change your browser preferences to enable javascript, and reload this page. Jimmy Rushing, Oklahoma City native and early member of the Blue Devils, set a style in blues and jazz that was imitated widely by others. In 1919, Paul Whiteman hired Grof to use similar techniques for his band. Gloria Parker had a radio program on which she conducted the largest all-girl orchestra led by a female. His music uses Eastern rhythms, meters, and advanced rhythmic techniques. The "white" bands of Benny Goodman, Artie Shaw, Tommy Dorsey, Shep Fields and, later, Glenn Miller were more popular than their "black" counterparts from the middle of the decade. introduction, the main theme, and four varied improvised choruses. Apple Loops/REX/WAV. Trumpet image courtesy: PJ via Wikimedia Commons, Saxophone image courtesy: via Wikimedia Commons, Keyboard image courtesy: Eurotuber via Wikimedia Commons, Double Bass image courtesy: David Price via Wikimedia Commons, Drum set image courtesy: Pbroks13 via Wikimedia Commons, Gumbo image courtesy: Amadscientist via Wikimedia Commons, For more than 10 years, The Classic Swing Band of Dallas has offered the best in live entertainment. Other female bands were led by trumpeter B. of the most creative composers in the history of jazz, particularly renowned Many musical styles contributed to its birth. The focus shifted away from the arranger and toward the improvising performer. endstream endobj 1555 0 obj <>/Metadata 104 0 R/Outlines 108 0 R/PageLayout/OneColumn/Pages 1544 0 R/StructTreeRoot 655 0 R/Type/Catalog>> endobj 1556 0 obj <>/Font<>>>/Rotate 0/StructParents 0/Type/Page>> endobj 1557 0 obj <>stream Much like the stock in Gumbo, it provides an essential rhythmic and harmonic element in swing music. Jazz Big Band Arrangements. In Kansas City, Bennie Motens and Count Basies bands had begun developing a looser type of big band arrangement that allowed for freer styles of soloing, giving rise to a unique Kansas City swing style in the 1930s. Sometimes bandstands were too small, public address systems inadequate, pianos out of tune. The International Sweethearts of Rhythm became known for its strong riffing brass section, heavy percussion, rhythmic sensibility, and dynamic blues playing heard in Jump Children.. Which of the following changes occurred in the rhythm section during the 1930s? Many of the great swing bands broke up, as the times and tastes changed. performers such Louis ARMSTRONG completed the transition from The most prominent features of big band swing were the use of written arrangements and improvised solos, repetitive horn riffs, call and response between the brass and reed sections, and a rhythmic drive derived from walking and/or boogie-woogie type bass lines. YouTube clip with basic piano chords). While all my lessons are free, if you find them useful please consider donating to help keep them coming. here to see a YouTube video on "swing" groove vs. other types of premiered. jazz-fusion (combining elements of jazz and rock musics). In the early 1970s, Miles Davis began exploring His bebop collaborations with trumpeter Dizzy GILLESPIE are some of the greatest moments in music history. At these venues, which themselves gained notoriety, bandleaders and arrangers played a greater role than they had before. (called a "chorus"). L6G9MTRv&hVSOC9Y)~06CW)j#8qE#C?YOK%d\SC9IT~U {J;F\m`F># note-for-note. is America's and the Lincoln Center Jazz Swing bands adopted a consistent instrumentation of four sections that remained fairly stable. Goodmans clarinet playing was a combination of great wit, precise musicianship, beautiful subtleties, and never-ending swing. The Cotton Club started in Harlem before it moved downtown. Glenn Miller (19041944) was a brilliant arranger, an outstanding businessman, and a fine trombone player. Social life changed and large ballrooms were needed for the thousands who wanted to dance every night and large bands seemed to be the answer to filling these dance halls with music. who specialized in less improvised tunes with more emphasis on sentimentality, featuring somewhat slower-paced, often heart-felt songs.[43]. Above all else, Swing music is dance music which means it was: This also meant it was incredibly commercial. Swing as Popular Music 1. The Henderson band is considerably larger than most syncopated dance bands of the 1920s (eight or nine musicians). Although The International Sweethearts of Rhythm, the first multiethnic all-female swing band, formed in 1937 at Piney Woods County Life School, Mississippi. The composer writes original music that will be performed by individuals or groups of various sizes, while the arranger adapts the work of composers in a creative way for a performance or recording. Big bands maintained a presence on American television, particularly through the late-night talk show, which has historically used big bands as house accompaniment. Charlie Parkers album South of the Border illustrated the influence of this genre on a bop artist, and the Tokyo Cuban Boys, an Afro-Cuban band dating from the postWorld War II years, exemplified the musics international appeal. Beacon, 2006. Later, Perhaps it started with the habanera in Mortons early compositions, and in the bridge of W. C. Handys St. Hot Swing (people like Duke Ellington) was more daring, experimental, faster, with longer improvisations, stronger rhythmic drive, and a rough blues feeling. Arrangers notated specific notes for each instrument to play in every measure on a written score. Among all the jazz vocalists that followed, most cite her as having the most influence on their scatting style. here to see a YouTube video on "swing" groove vs. other types of Ellington expanded Armstrong's small hundreds of different melodies. Company" vocal jazz ensemble performing a the Lincoln Center in New York GILLESPIE: Koko (1945). Others challenged him, and battle of the bands became a regular feature of theater performances. Sweet Swing (people like Glenn Miller) had less improvisation, was a bit slower, restrained with a slight swing feel, and was for the white upper class dinner parties. The Big Bands of swing were only able to acquire one-night stand performances and consequently suffered financially. "It Don't Mean a Thing (If It Ain't Got That Swing)" - Duke Ellington & Ella Fitzgerald, It Dont Mean a Thing (If It Aint Got That Swing),, Kansas City was the swingingest sound in the world. Special thanks to Dr. Portia K. Maultsby and to the Advisory Scholars for their commitment and thought-provoking contributions to this resource. (1899-1974): The The Timeline of African American Music has been made possible in part by a major grant from theNational Endowment for the Humanities: Democracy demands wisdom. The term "big band" is also used to describe a genre of music, although this was not the . 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