2019; Lucas-Snchez, Font-Porterias, et al. However, most sub-Saharan gene flow was inferred to have occurred more recently during the last 700 years, leading to varying degrees of sub-Saharan ancestry in contemporary North African populations (155%) (Henn et al. East African genetics at work. - Bodybuilding.com Forums First, in northeastern Africa, admixture between a population related to contemporary Nilo-Saharan speakers (e.g., the Dinka or Nuer) and a population related to modern groups from northern Africa or the Levant created a group of early northeastern pastoralists. This group then migrated to eastern Africa and admixed with local foragers 4 kya, receiving 20% ancestry from a group related to a 4,500-year-old ancient individual from the Mota cave in Ethiopia that is genetically similar to the isolated, Afro-Asiaticspeaking Aari (Gallego Llorente et al. WebThe dominance of East African distance runners and sprinters of West African origin invites discussion around the contribution of genetic and lifestyle factors to performance. Here, we 2019; Bergstrm et al. This could either suggest deep population structure with EAHG and southern huntergatherer groups tracing some of their ancestries to a basal central African RHG lineage (Lipson et al. 2022). 2014; Gouveia et al. 1. 2020; Sengupta et al. Although modern humanNeanderthal interbreeding most likely occurred in Eurasia after the OOA migration (possibly in the Levant) (Lazaridis et al. A Snakemake (Mlder et al. Considered that low frequency is a feature used for determining pathogenicity, this suggests that current classifications of variant pathogenicity are confounded by a lack of diversity in study cohorts. 2017), although a recent study inferred a more ancient admixture date of 1.9 kya for Bantu speakers in Cabinda, Angola (Tallman et al. 2010; Patterson et al. 2020a; Lipson et al. Additional infectious diseases that have been major targets of selection in Africa include HIV-1, trypanosomiasis (i.e., African sleeping sickness), smallpox, and tuberculosis (Karlsson et al. IntrogressionThe interbreeding of individuals from two or more populations that were isolated for a long evolutionary time but are not yet reproductively isolated. then you got the germans and eastern europeans who also generally have very good genetics for muscle size. 2017). Analyses of uniparental markers as well as autosomal and X chromosomal data also showed that this gene flow from wBSPs into RHGs was male-biased (Verdu et al. We also see that East Africans have a lot of strong big people (muscle). Code used to generate this figure can be found at GitHub: https://github.com/LachanceLab/AfricanPopulationStructure. The time to the most recent common ancestor (TMRCA) of such identified putatively introgressed haplotypes was found to be significantly older than the deepest split of all modern human lineages and similar to the TMRCA of introgressed Neanderthal haplotypes found in Eurasian populations (Hammer et al. Nevertheless, African huntergatherers have the highest level of genetic diversity of extant populations and represent the most deeply branching human lineages even after accounting for recent admixture (Henn et al. Overall, these results suggest that eastern African pastoralists reached southern Africa prior to and independently of Bantu-speaking groups. 2020). Aaron Pfennig, Lindsay N Petersen, Paidamoyo Kachambwa, Joseph Lachance, Evolutionary Genetics and Admixture in African Populations, Genome Biology and Evolution, Volume 15, Issue 4, April 2023, evad054, https://doi.org/10.1093/gbe/evad054. (2019) found additional evidence for gene flow from the Ju|Hoan (northern) into the Hoan (central), from the |Gui/Xade San (central) into the Naro (central), and from an undefined Khoe-San population into the Nama (southern). Furthermore, there is also genetic evidence that admixture has facilitated adaptation to Malaria in Cabo Verde during the past 20 generations, with selection coefficients acting on the DARC locus as high as s = 0.08 (Hamid et al. In the following subsections, we discuss major migration events that have shaped population structure in Africa during the past 10,000 years. 2012; Perera et al. 2021). 2012; Breton et al. These estimates are in slight disagreement with the estimates of Skoglund et al. An intriguing example is EPHB1, an ephrin receptor at sites of osteogenesis. The first evidence for archaic ghost introgression in Africa was obtained by applying S*an approach that searches for highly divergent haplotypesto African populations (Plagnol and Wall 2006). This example illustrates that admixed African populations are a promising opportunity to better understand ancestry-specific disease risk compared with homogeneous populations (Patterson et al. estimated that Khoe-San derive 3.8% (95% CI: 1.74.8%), Mbuti 3.9% (95% CI: 1.34.9%), and western African populations 5.8% (95% CI: 0.79.7%) of their ancestry from an archaic ghost lineage. As the ancestral homeland of our species, Africa contains elevated levels of genetic diversity and substantial population structure. 2012; Triska et al. In contrast, there was a significant Eurasian paternal contribution (71.4%) defined by haplogroups R/I/G/N/O/J in the same group, and the Western European R1b haplogroup was prevalent at 44.4%. WebYang et al11 explained the similar genotype between the East African and West African individuals as the result of the effect of other genetic influences or environmental factors Note that we tried to refer to populations according to current naming conventions, and when we refer to admixture between specific populations, this does not necessarily imply the mixing of these exact populations, but rather the mixing of genetically similar populations. 1. Broadly in agreement with historical records of the transatlantic slave trade, genetic studies of admixed populations from the Americas showed that most of the African ancestry can be traced to WestCentral Africa, for example, similar to the Yoruba or Esan from Nigeria, with a smaller fraction being similar to south-eastern African ancestry, for example, Mbukushu-like from Botswana and/or Luhya-like from Kenya (Patin et al. 2020a; Lipson et al. 2016). 2014; Vicente, Priehodov, et al. 2020; Diallo et al. Given the high genetic affinity of a pastoralist individual who lived 4000 years ago in northern Sudan with ancient individuals from Kenya and Tanzania, it has been argued that this initial dispersal of northeastern pastoralists into East Africa occurred rapidly (Wang et al. Webhello guys, ive often wondered about different races and their ability to gain muscle. The genetics of East African populations: a Nilo-Saharan 2016; Arauna et al. 2012; Skoglund et al. 2016; Bergstrm et al. Effective population size (Ne)The number of breeding individuals in an idealized randomly mating population. San Francisco Bay Area. 2017; Vicente, Jakobsson, et al. For instance, ancient huntergatherers genomes from Malawi (8,1002,500 BP) and Tanzania (1,400 BP) exhibited two-third and one-third San-related ancestry, respectively, suggesting that the San previously occupied a larger geographic area extending into eastern Africa (Skoglund et al. This gene flow from wBSPs into RHGs was inferred to have occurred 7 kya using models of site-frequency spectra (Hsieh, Veeramah, et al. Some of these individuals are located closer to ancient and present-day central African RHG in principal component space (Lipson et al. Environmental conditions vary over time and space. (2020). Lorente-Galdos et al. Human population tree. Africa exhibits vast cultural and linguistic diversity, including a wide range of subsistence strategies and 2,000 spoken languages. Studies of genome-wide data largely confirmed the North African population structure inferred from uniparental markers while emphasizing fine-scale population structure (Henn et al. 2019; Durvasula and Sankararaman 2020; Schaefer et al. Khoekhoe-speaking populations (e.g., the Nama), who currently practice a pastoralist lifestyle, have a high-frequency lactase persistence (LP) allele that is also found in East African populations (Schlebusch et al. Using SWIF(r), an approach that combines multiple statistics to generate posterior probabilities of sweeps, researchers have identified multiple genes associated with adiponectin, body mass index (BMI), and metabolism as potential targets of selection in the Khomani San (Sugden et al. 2014; Swart et al. The Western Cape, at the southernmost part of South Africa, harbors one of the most diverse admixed populations, namely, the South African Coloured (SAC) population, which is the largest ethnic group in this region and has its origins slightly >350 ya (de Wit et al. 2020; Fan et al. At K = 4, West and East African-like ancestry is distinguished. We then discuss how this population structure was shaped by archaic and recent admixture, moving from the deeper past to more recent times. 2021). 2012). 4C; Shriner and Rotimi 2018a). 2019; Fortes-Lima et al. 2018). These analysis used harmonized and LD-pruned genotype data from Schlebusch et al. 2014; Choudhury et al. Links to all data sources can be found in supplementary table S1, Supplementary Material online. 2017; Swart et al. What Race Has The Best Genetics In Bodybuilding History? (TOP 5 East African genetics at work. 2020). Generally, it is assumed that they have either merged into or were replaced by neighboring agropastoral groups, obscuring some of the ancestral genetic variation and structure (Pagani et al. The dominance of East African runners in marathons (especially Kenyans and Ethiopians) led people to assume a genetic predisposition (Pitsiladis, Onywera, The genetic heterogeneity of Arab populations as inferred from West African - Overall ideal genetics for MMA, Football, Basketball, Bodybuilding, Stregnth, Cant build more muscle or 2013; Patin et al. 2018). 2013). In line with the OOA model, many human populations experienced a major decline in Ne coinciding with the OOA migration 7050 thousand years ago (kya) (Bergstrm et al. 2019; Fan et al. 2016). Watch popular content from the following creators: zach.cali18(@zach.cali18), S A L I M(@sallfitt), NICK(@nick.zelko), rose(@3r0sy), Arya Ziaee(@notthatarya), KhaledLifts(@khaledlifts), Ihsan Ghareeb(@sean97antwan), AliHach_21(@alihach_21), Abed(@abedbrah), 2012; Schlebusch and Jakobsson 2018; Gopalan et al. 2022). (2016), Arauna et al. 2020) (fig. A individual who possesses a enhanced genotype is well-suited to the sport of bodybuilding. 4. 2011; Pennarun et al. 2022) as well as mtDNA and Y haplogroups (kov et al. Additionally, African populations exhibit a faster decay of LD, leading to shorter haplotypes (Auton et al. 2022). An additional eastsouthwest cline was recently identified by the incorporation of six novel genomes of ancient huntergatherers from eastern and southcentral Africa. (2012) initially reported a clear genetic differentiation between Arabs and Imazighen. 2016; Montinaro et al. (2022), respectively. 2020). (B) Effective migration surfaces estimated using FEEMS (Marcus et al. This is not the sort of environment that suits human muscle growth. 1. Concurrently, African populations experienced declines in Ne while maintaining consistently larger Ne than non-African populations (Auton et al. 2017; DAtanasio et al. 2017). 2019; Wang et al. 2011; Ndadza et al. 2012; Hsieh, Woerner, et al. They also practice a lot of weight lifting. This understanding together with knowledge of its interactions with sociocultural factors that influence disease risk or treatment response can improve clinical care by improving the accuracy of genetic testing and/or assessment of therapeutic response (Hindorff et al. However, the distribution of these African ancestries varies between different populations in the Americas, with western/central African-related ancestry being more common in the northern parts, for example, the United States, and south-eastern African-related ancestry being more common in the southern parts, for example, Brazil (Gouveia et al.
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