Furthermore, a socioeconomic class that can be described as newly rich has entered the picture. The kinship group of the Southern Kankana-eys consists of his descent group and, once he is married, his affinal kinsmen. These heads were deposited in the at-ato, where the ceremonial caao or kanyaw (feast) was held after each successful engagement with the enemy. Apayao Life and Legends. The Limiting Glottal Infix in Kankanaey. Studies in Philippine Linguistics 2 (1): 73-76. The northern and southern Kankanaey are physically and culturally alike, with similar institutions, beliefs, and practices. These deities and spirit-beings are invoked by the Kankanaey in their rites and rituals related to life, livelihood, and death. The Ibaloy are an ethnic group indigenous to Baguio and the surrounding environs, which include the majority of Benguet, the Pangasinan mountains, La Union, and Nueva Vizcaya. Northern kankana-eys also farm camote. Camote delicacies include (1) makimpit which are dried camotes, (2) boko which are camote sliced into thin pieces that could be steamed (sinalopsop) or cooked as in and sweetened with sugar (inab-abos-sang). War and headhunting exploits, from which the elite drew prestige and status, ceased to be normal activities a long time ago. The settlements in the south seem to belong to the historic period, as evidenced by the small acreage built for rice terrace culture. Scott, William Henry. Such stories would be less serious in tone and in subject than the stories told among adults. The rites observed in connection with the agricultural cycle are deemed indispensable because the whole success of planting and harvesting, that is, survival itself, may depend entirely on such observance. 1969. . One of the ritual ceremonies already mentioned is the bayas. The usual Kankanaey woven cloth is narrow, about 4.5 meters wide and 2.1 meters long. The Northern Kankanaey or Applai live in Sagada and Besao, western Mountain province, and constitute a linguistic group. the man brings logs or bundled firewood as a sign of his sincerity, the woman works on the mans fathers field with a female friend. He took her to his home in the land of the sunrise, where they planned their wedding. They are part of the collective group of indigenous people known as the Igorot people. [7], The Northern Kankanaey or Applai live in Sagada and Besao, western Mountain province, and constitute a linguistic group. ), Mga Lumang Kasuotan at Pananamit ng mga Pilipino sa Maynila Noong Unang Panahon (sa mga Nagdaang Siglo), Tiboli (Tboli) Tribe of Mindanao: History, Culture and Arts, Customs and Traditions [Indigenous People | Philippines Ethnic Group], The Aeta People of the Philippines: Culture, Customs and Tradition [Philippine Indigenous People | Ethnic Group], The Kalinga Tribe of the Philippines: History, Culture, Customs and Tradition [Indigenous People | Cordillera Ethnic Tribes], The Manobo Tribe of the Philippines: History, Culture, Customs and Tradition [Philippine Indigenous People | Ethnic Group], Tinguian (Itneg) Tribe of the Philippines: History, Culture and Arts, Customs and Traditions [Indigenous People |Ethnic Group], The Most Interesting Heritage Sites Around Taft Avenue in Manila: Historical Places + Nostalgic Hidden Gems, All Rights Reserved | Read:Disclaimer, Vegetable farmer with her harvest of cabbages and potatoes (SIL International), Kankanaey woven product: storage basket (CCP Collections), Kankanaey woven product: bowl with cover made of buri (CCP Collections). No Holds Barred Episode 4: Road to Tokyo Olympics with Hidilyn Diaz By JUSTINE RUTH BITANCOR December 6, 2018 MOUNT SANTO TOMAS, Benguet Tuba: Sida, a deeply-rooted ritual for the dead, is still practiced today by the Kankana-ey tribe in Sitio Kabuyao. Some believe he is a son of a goddess. Aside from gold mining and trading, agriculture also determined the Kankanaeys choice of their settlement sites. Folk Architecture. 2014. The musical instruments of the Kankanaey are identical with those used by other Cordillera groups, such as the gangsa (flat brass gongs), diwdiw-as (pan pipe), bunkaka or bilbil (bamboo buzzer), sulibaw (hollow wooden drum, used also by the Ibaloy), afiw (bamboo mouth harp), and several flute types. The socio-cultural changes are largely due to a combination of factors which include the change in the local government . Then comes the marriage celebration itself (dawak/bayas)inclusive of the segep (which means to enter), pakde (sacrifice), betbet (butchering of pig for omens), playog/kolay (marriage ceremony proper), tebyag (merrymaking), mensupot (gift giving), sekat di tawid (giving of inheritance), and buka/inga, the end of the celebration. The carabao, although the principal work animal, is occasionally slaughtered for extravagant family and community feasts. The Kankanaeys may also differ in some words like egay or aga, maid or maga. The usual types of fish caught are eel (dagit or igat) and small river fishes as well as crabs and other crustaceans. But this parental arrangement can be set aside anytime by the children when they come of age. This house was called an ebgan. The bandala, worn by the men, is a dark blue blanket with white lines. Additionally, many Kankanaey have incorporated Christianity in their worship but many still do traditional pagan and animist rituals during big events and life changing moments; especially during the time of death. In words, for example, an Applai might say otik or beteg (pig) and the soft-speaking Kankanaey may say busaang or beteg as well. The kadangyan, nevertheless, have remained leading figures in Kankanaey society. The Mankayan Kankana-eys, however, has no clear distinction between the baknang and the abiteg and all have equal access to resources such as the copper and gold mines. During times of plenty, the bayas would be celebrated at least every three or four years, but in recent years the interval has become longer. The Kankanaey practice three types of agriculture: swidden or slash-and-burn, terracing for wet rice production, and horticulture. There is now a thriving business in the sale of these films in Baguio stores, which also sell popular music by Igorot producers. There has been greater upwardas well as downwardmobility in Kankanaey society. The at-ato, as it flourished in northern Kankanaey society, was a subvillage grouping that mediated between the village unit and the house unit. Philippine Folk Literature: The Folktales.Quezon City: The University of the Philippines Folklorists Inc. Habana, Olivia M. 2000. They are in southern Luzon, too, where there are 282 in Lucena City, Quezon province. Feathers, leaves, and even carabao horns may be used to decorate this head cloth. There are two varieties of rice called topeng which are planted in June and July and harvested in November and December, and ginolot which are planted in November and December and harvested in June and July. This is done whenever the bonabon seedlings show telltale signs of withering. The kadangyan occupy the topmost rank as hereditary aristocrats by virtue of their landholdings, capacity to conduct ritual activities, and other evidence of material wealth. Along trails, crossed bamboo sticks called puwat are laid out as a warning to passersby against intruding. [14] Tattooing survived up until the mid-20th century, until modernization and conversion to Christianity finally made tattooing traditions extinct among the Kankanaey.[15][16]. Keesing, Felix M. 1968. Original prints of his photographs are in the Bontoc Museum, National Museum of the Philippines, Smithsonian Institute in the United States, and the National Gallery of Australia. The other ornamentation known to the Kankanaey is body tattooing. In hosting their extravagant festivities, the kadangyan are not only propitiating the spirits to keep them healthy and wealthy but are also giving themselves an opportunity to share their blessings with the less-advantaged Kankanaey in the community. Sure enough, Delnagen had wasted away. 2A: Demographic and Housing Characteristics (Non-Sample Variables) - Philippines", "DNA reveals earliest Pacific Islander ancestors came from Asia", "Genomic insights into the peopling of the Southwest Pacific", "Multi-layered population structure in Island Southeast Asians", "Baguio eats: Head to this restaurant for a literal taste of blood", "Culture Shock A Study of Domestic Tourists in Sagada, Philippines", "The Hanging Coffins of Echo Valley, Sagada, Mountain Province", "The Recontextualization of Burik (Traditional Tattoos) of Kabayan Mummies in Benguet to Contemporary Practices", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kankanaey_people&oldid=1147978517, Lumawig: the supreme deity; creator of the universe and preserver of life, Bangan: the goddess of romance; a daughter of Bugan and Lumawig, Obban: the goddess of reproduction; a daughter of Bugan and Lumawig, Kabigat: one of the deities who contact mankind through spirits called anito and their ancestral spirits, Balitok: one of the deities who contact mankind through spirits called anito and their ancestral spirits, Wigan: one of the deities who contact mankind through spirits called anito and their ancestral spirits, Masaken: ruler of the underworld who interrupted the Timugan brothers, This page was last edited on 3 April 2023, at 09:42. The present practice is for both sides to contribute to the food to be consumed. http://www.census.gov.ph/old/data/pressrelease/2002/pr0212tx.html. Here are three examples: (A taro at Kamaligan cannot be moistened by rain. Ore veins are excavated, then crushed using a large flat stone (gai-dan). All of these burial customs require specific pre-interment rituals known as the sangadil. The futility of their search led to the Royal Audiencias decision to discontinue all subsequent expeditions. On the 3rd day, the deceased is made to sit on a chair, often strapped to it to keep the body upright. They are predominantly a nuclear family type (sinbe-ey,buma-ey, or sinpangabong), which are either patri-local or matri-local due to their bilateral kinship, composed of the husband, wife and their children. An old photo of a council of elders in Bila, a barrio of Bauko, Mountain Province . In Central Luzon, there are 4,980 Kakanaey in Nueva Ecija; 18,645 in San Fernando City in La Union; and 3,206 in Tarlac. As a result, the total gold production of the country reached almost half a million pesos per year between 1907 and 1911, around half of which was from Benguet alone. The traditional garment for the Kankanaey male is the wanes (G-string). However, the more ancient northern Kankanaey were called Lepanto Igorot by the Spanish colonizers. They may have arrived at their present location due to the process of displacement; or they may have naturally gravitated to a terrain more to their liking or to one that is similar to southern China, which, according to a theory of migration, their ancestors have left behind. Hunting and fishing have been severely affected because of the continuing denudation of the once vast timberlands of the Cordillera forests. The mountain farmer Delnagen courted her, but Bangan politely rejected him. Kabunian is mainly responsible for the welfare and general well-being of all those he created. It refers to the culture, the language, and the people who, together with the neighboring group called Ibaloy, comprise the Igorot of Benguet, the southern most province of Cordillera region. The hard-speaking Kankanaey women's dress is composed of mainly red and black with a little white styles, as for the skirt or tapis which is mostly called bakget and gateng[clarification needed]. In the Visayas region, there are 1,752 of them in Leyte; 1,264 in Aklan; 3,040 in Iloilo; 5,150 in Negros Occidental; 2,241 in Negros Oriental; 46 in Siquijor; 216 in Biliran; 836 in Bohol; and 5,384 in Cebu. But the Organic Acts enacted by Congress that would have transformed Cordillera into an autonomous region were rejected in the January 1990 and March 1998 plebiscites. The diviner removes the cover and tries to read in the water the name of the spirit or deity that has caused the disease. The opening of a baeg (granary) by a family for rice pounding is an event with its own ritual. Several reasons have been advanced for the division of the Kankanaey into two. Initial productions were screened in church gatherings and other community events until demand called for distribution of VCD copies and further productions. The courtship and marriage process of the Northern Kankana-eys starts with the man visiting the woman of his choice and singing (day-eng), or serenading her using an awiding (harp), panpipe (diw-as), or a nose flute (kalelleng). The aristocratic lineage of the kadangyan is traced, through oral tradition, to the very figure of Lumawig, the cultural hero of many Igorot groups who they honor through the bayas, which was a type of caao that validated the kadangyans stature. Swinging songs are rather short and are sung by men or women. The soft-speaking Kankanaey women's dress has a color combination of black, white and red. To summarize: The lovely Bangan lived in the land of the sunset. The kintoman, just as mentioned earlier, is more popularly known as red rice due to its color. A joint undertaking of the Kabuyao Elementary School (KES) and the National Commission for Culture and the Arts (NCCA), the students spent 36 days to . Association or bonding with other adolescents prepared them for a new phase of relationships that would eventually lead to marriage. Eduardo Masferre and the Phillippine Cordillera. Philippine Studies 42 (3): 336351. They also believe in the spirits of ancestors (ap-apo or kakkading), and the earth spirits they call anito. Benguet: Dependency Ratio Down by Four Persons. NSO website, 26 April. Philippine Mythology. However, though they do partake of the family meals and engage in all the family activities such as chores and religious practices, they are free to come and go as they please, and can opt to sleep elsewhere if they wish. Close to their dwellings, the Kankanaey maintain little orchards that supply fruit for their consumption as well as vegetable gardens and sweet potato patches. The Kankanaey people are an Indigenous peoples of the Northern Philippines. Stone is used as pavement around the house. Weaving Symmetry of the Philippine Northern Kankana-ey. Bridges Towson 2012 Proceedings, edited by Robert Bosch, Douglas McKenna, and Reza Sarhangi, 267-274. The myth of the origin of things and the way by which the external world is perceived and treated are tightly bound with the worship of the god Kabunian. For the southern Kankanaey, the pinading are the mountain spirits; the bilig are the field and forest spirits; and the dagas are the house spirits. The instrumentalists beat their gangsa as they lead the dancers in varied formations. [13], The Northern Kankana-eys honor their dead by keeping vigil and performing the rituals sangbo (offering of 2 pigs and 3 chickens), baya-o (singing of a dirge by three men), menbaya-o (elegy) and sedey (offering of pig). Men also wear a woven blanket for an upper garment and sometimes a headband, usually colored red like the G-string. The gangsa is played solo or in an ensemble, particularly by men performing a dance. Some Notes on House Styles in a Kankanay Village. Asian Studies 3 (1): 41-54. The getap is kept in place with a inandolo, also called wakes and bakget, a belt 7.5 to 15 centimeters wide, made of tightly woven cotton yarn and wound twice around the waist. The bindian or bendean is a combined victory or war dance and a festive dance in thanksgiving for good fortune, such as a bountiful harvest. Llamzon, Teodoro A. The Americans established a local government and several regulatory agencies in order to secure its interests in the mineral-rich Cordilleras and to stop the growing number of miners from usurping higher authorities. Additional Information? [3], The 2010 Philippines census counted 362,833 self-identifying Kankanaey and 67,763 self-identifying Applai. The People and Art of the Philippines. The staple foods of the Kankanaey are camote, rice, potatoes, and other root crops like tugi and gabi. A Kankanaey mestizo who has distinguished himself for his fine art photography is Eduardo Masferr, 1909-1995, born of a Spanish soldier and a Kankanaey named Cunyap, later christened Mercedes Pins. [11], Despite their popularity, hanging coffins are not the main funerary practice of the Kankanaey. The color of this material may be blue and white or red, with dark blue designs and red-and-yellow stripes. The men wore a G-string as it is called but it is known as wanes to the Kankanaeys of Besao and Sagada. http://www.census.gov.ph/content/. The malevolent spirits are believed to be under the sway of a still more powerful and cruel being known as Mantis Biligthe god of death and destruction. Traditional weaving called impaot, impagod, or pinnagod, meaning strapped, is done by women when they are finished with farming. In May 1572, Juan de Salcedo, grandson of Governor-General Miguel Lopez de Legazpi, led an expedition, which yielded 25 kilograms of gold three months later. The bak-ut, also called getap and tapis, is the females wraparound skirt. The southern Kankanaey appear to be an expansion of the northern Kankanaey group. It has a gable-shaped roof, short eaves, and one or two windows. Today, the rituals are still practiced by the Kankanaey but many have made modern concessions to update these traditions. They have not been studied by archaeologists, so the exact age of the coffins is unknown, though they are believed to be centuries old. Agriculture is a year-round activity. Apart from the binangiyan, apa, and allao, there is the inalteb, which is not indigenous but rather similar to a house in the lowlands. The indigenous peoples of this region are often collectively referred to as the Igorots, meaning "mountain people" from the Tagalog root word "golot" or mountain. Annusan turned trees into pigs and boulders into carabaos for the wedding feast, a grand and prolonged caao. Next is the sabangan, when the couple makes their wish to marry known to their family. The eruption of war between Spanish and American forces and the subsequent war of independence waged by Filipino revolutionaries against the new colonial forces drew the involvement of the Igorot people. Four or five long feathers of the chicken are pulled out and stuck into the site where the bonabon are planted. The second was assigned to weave abel (cloth) and became the ancestor of the Ilocano. This is either sold or bartered to other neighboring groups. The carved images in their homes only serve decorative purposes. Santos, Soliman, Jr., and Paz Verdades Santos. 2002. Lawigan is the most popular and persistent of the mythic names. The two types of daing are the dayyakus, which is used during the sacrificial rituals performed by a headhunter; and the ayugga, whose tempo is much quicker than that of the ordinary daing. The Kankanaey in Benguet may also be called Benguet Kankanaey to distinguish them from the Benguet Ibaloy, who inhabit the lower half and the most urbanized parts of the province, including the vegetable-growing valley of La Trinidad and the melting-pot city of Baguio. The earliest recorded reference to gold panning by the Kankanaey was in 1545, when oral history mentioned a girl named Damya who used to wash gold at Labang (Habana 2000, 462). The mamade might decide to seek the counsel of the manabig in making certain decisions. Quezon City: GCF Books. This, along with other reports of Cordillera chiefs and their slaves possessing gold, encouraged subsequent expeditions such as those led by Francisco de Sande in 1576, Juan Pacheco Maldonado in 1580, Luis Perez Dasmarias in 1591, Francisco de Mendoza in 1591, and Pedro Sid in 1591. Most Kankanaey riddles consist of two parts or statements, both with assonantal rhyme. Nobody is allowed to leave at anytime throughout the day, to prevent loss of luck.. Most, if not all, of the rites and rituals are performed by the mambunong or manbunong, who reads from the bile sac or liver of a sacrificial animal the sentiments or attitudes of the spirits toward the propitiating or transgressing human being. The kadangyan or baknang (the traditional aristocracy) wielded the biggest influence in their society. The Kankanaey people are an Indigenous peoples of the Northern Philippines. Atawu culture and tradition. After a certain period of acquaintanceship and even of intimacy, the couple might decide to get married. A group found along the peripheral areas of Benguet, Ifugao and Nueva Viscaya are the Kalanguya. The first type is generally for the prosperous members of the community, while the apa and the allao are for the less well-off. There were intermediaries employed to make the nuptial arrangements, particularly in the wedding and ritual expenses, which entailed a number of animal offerings such as carabaos, pigs, and chickens, a huge reserve of rice, and tapuy or tapey (rice wine). The Soul Book. The parents may decide to allot a piece of land for them to cultivate and to enable them to live apart. Their belief system is common to both with little deviation in methods of performance but do not change the intent and purposes. The southern Kankanaey are found in the municipalities of Mankayan, Bakun, Kibungan, Buguias, and the upper half of Kapangan in Benguet. A variant of the getap called kinteg is indigo black, with white-and-blue bands. Category: Kankana-ey Beliefs. Until January 1990, when a road was built, one could only reach it by crossing Bakun River on foot. The Dynamics of Textiles Across Cultures in Northern Luzon, Philippines. PhD dissertation, University of the Philippines Diliman. If the seedlings do not show any sign of improvement, the ritual is repeated, this time with more sacrificial chickens. Make what we plant, also, pineapples and coffee, to have much fruit, so that we may have it to sell, that we may have something with which to buy blankets.). The lalakays word carried weight in community life, although not all elderly persons in a village could be acknowledged as a respected elderly person. The Culture of the Bontoc Igorot by Carmencita Cawed (1972). There are two phases in this ritual: the padpad and the paypay. Funeral practices and burial customs in the Philippines, "2010 Census of Population and Housing, Report No. Located in Eastern Kalinga are the Dakalan, Gaang, Lubo, Majukayong, Mangali, and Taloktok culture groups. [1], Recent DNA studies show that the Kankanaey along with the Atayal people of Taiwan, were most probably among the original ancestors of the Lapita people and modern Polynesians. Its roof drops down to about 1.5 meters from the ground, thus covering the house cage from view. There are sudsud for children, told to them by elders for their amusement. The fact that these terraces and the names of the first communities were noted in the records of the first Spanish expedition to the Cordilleras in 1665 is a confirmation of early Kankanaey civilization. The house has only one entrance, the front door, accessed through a slender detachable ladder. This made them more susceptible than the Bontok, Ifugao, and other mountain people to external influence, though less vulnerable than the Tinguian and the Ibaloy who were even nearer and more accessible to both the Spanish colonial forces and the Filipino lowlanders and settlers. These duties include maintaining and enhancing the status of the family name by successful management of the inherited and acquired property, making the fields and the livestock productive, overseeing the work and securing the welfare of dependents, preparing to host a bayas feast by saving up their resources, and conserving these traditions for the sake of the next generation. Summer festival (Ayyoweng di Lambak ed Tadian) a call to a big celebration in Tadian,Mountain Province,Philippines,March 5,2011-The Kankanaey Tribes of Tadian Mountain Provinces clad in their colorful traditonal ethnic wear featuring the evolution of their native costumes from ancient time when barks of trees and plants were used as clothing The Kankanaey are also in Mindanao, 710 of them being in Lanao del Norte. Kankanay Ceremonies. American Archaeology and Ethnology 15 (4): 343-384. The newlyweds may reside with the brides family while they are constructing their own house, or until such time that an unused house can be provided for them. There are two kinds of mourning songs: soso, which are used on the occasion of a persons death or burial, and the dasay, sung when a person is about to breathe his last. Most of the northern Kankanaey are located in the southwestern part of Mountain Province and inhabit the municipalities of Besao, Sagada, Tadian, Bauko, and Sabangan. The at-ato and the informal leadership of the above-mentioned elements of northern Kankanaey society have been transformed or muted by the assimilation of this group into a centralized national society. The socio-cultural changes are largely due to a combination of factors which include the change in the local government system when the Spaniards came, the introduction of Christianity, the education system that widened the perspective of the individuals of the community, and the encounters with different people and ways of life through trade and commerce.[9]. They tend to derive morality , ethics , religious laws , or a preferred lifestyle from their ideas about the cosmos and human nature . Bride-price, which used to be a primary consideration in Kankanaey marriages, is no longer as important today. His tattoos tell not only of his ancestral story, but also his story and his role in society. Individuals belonging to different clans may become affiliated by marriage, for instance, to become part of a sin-aag-i, literally people with their relatives (Allen 1978, 76). Some of the producers of such music videos are Kankanaey overseas workers in Japan, whose songs speak of longing for home and the challenges of employment abroad. He is also looked upon as the supreme master who taught humans everything they need to know for life, such as making fire, the cultivation of rice, and marriage rituals. The elders and other venerable members of the village display their priceless heirloom blankets during this occasion. They consist of an exchange between a man and a woman, or between a group of men and a group of women. [8], Their household is sparsely furnished with only a bangkito/tokdowan, po-ok (small box for storage of rice and wine), clay pots, and sokong (carved bowl). The Kankanaey build rice terraces which have become sufficient sources of food. This leaderand each village had onewas keeper of the agricultural calendar and master of ceremonies in community and at-ato observances. Much of the increase in yield was attributed to the continuously high production and the discovery of new mining sites, most notably in Itogon and Balatoc. Many tales give him a leading role, although sometimes he assumes a subordinate position as the son, younger brother, cousin, or neighbor of the leading hero, or his, and other alter egos. Isneg and Kankanay Riddles Explained. Asian Folklore Studies 35 (1): 37-166. The anap, literally, to find out, are divinatory rites performed by a man-anap (medicine man or woman). Handbook of Philippine Language Groups. Other minor gods and the ailments they bring include liblibayan, spirits who cause pains in the abdomen; an-antipakao, spirits who create reddish spots all over the body; penten, spirits who cause accidental death; and kakading, souls of the dead who cause colds, headaches, or fever. The interior consists of a sleeping area, a kitchen with a hearth in one corner, and storage space for utensils. Rattan, which used to grow in abundance in forests surrounding Kankanaey villages, is still available and provides the basket makers one of two primary materialsthe other being bamboofor executing intricate, creative, and meticulous designs on their baskets. Other couples, especially those employed in urban areas or abroad, immediately live on their own after their wedding ceremonies in their hometown.