Yurovsky saw this and demanded that they surrender any looted items or be shot. For the investigation to move forward, forensic genealogists had to step in. Lenin saw the House of Romanov as "monarchist filth, a 300-year disgrace",[156] and referred to Nicholas II in conversation and in his writings as "the most evil enemy of the Russian people, a bloody executioner, an Asiatic gendarme" and "a crowned robber. Authorities tell Arizona's Family that an officer was flagged down near Central and Thomas Road when . Fearing reprisals from the Soviet government, they reburied the bones. The Tsar, Empress Alexandria, their four daughters and one son were all believed to have perished. [28] Princess Helen of Serbia visited the house in June but was refused entry at gunpoint by the guards,[52] while Dr Vladimir Derevenko's regular visits to treat Alexei were curtailed when Yurovsky became commandant. [42] The guards were ordered to increase their surveillance accordingly, and the prisoners were warned not to look out of the window or attempt to signal to anyone outside, on pain of being shot. [100] Heavily laden, the vehicle struggled for 14 kilometres (9mi) on boggy road to reach the Koptyaki forest. This page was last edited on 30 April 2023, at 15:38. [150], The men who were directly complicit in the murder of the imperial family largely survived in the immediate months after the murders. [9] The Soviets finally acknowledged the murders in 1926 following the publication in France of a 1919 investigation by a White migr but said that the bodies were destroyed and that Lenin's Cabinet was not responsible. [103] Future investigations calculated that a possible 70 bullets were fired, roughly seven bullets per shooter, of which 57 were found in the basement and at all three subsequent gravesites. The skeletons were numbered one through nine. "While the family knew the diagnosis . Get unlimited access for as low as $1.99/month, This story is the first in a two-part series about the Romanovs. Yurovsky reportedly raised his Colt gun at Nicholas's torso and fired; Nicholas fell dead, pierced with at least three bullets in his upper chest. [12] Various Romanov impostors claimed to be members of the Romanov family, which drew media attention away from activities of Soviet Russia. The cellar of Ipatiev house in Yekaterinburg, after the Execution of the Imperial Family in the night in July 1918. But Solokov never found the bodies. mtDNA. In 1979,with the help of Yurovskys son, he finally found the grave near the site of the mansion in Yekaterinburg, Russia where the family had been imprisoned. Last week, Barlow-Austin's family reached a $7 million settlement in the case the largest known jail-death settlement in the state, according to the family's attorneys. The communist government in Russia, now the Soviet Union, kept the fate of the Romanov family a well-guarded state secret, only admitting their deaths in 1926. Nicholas Romanov was essentially a pitiful figure, Pravda, the official party newspaper,declared after the murders. In the center of the group, Tsar Nicholas II sits with his wife, the tsarina Alexandra. Who Was Anastasia Romanov? [131] Sokolov accumulated eight volumes of photographic and eyewitness accounts. [120] Yurovsky and Goloshchyokin, along with several Cheka agents, returned to the mineshaft at about 4 am on the morning of 18 July. [39], The windows in all the family's rooms were sealed shut and covered with newspapers (later painted with whitewash on 15 May). After the Bolsheviks came to power in October 1917, the conditions of their imprisonment grew stricter. Investigators turned to the remains of the Tsars brother, George, and extracted a DNA sample. [32] Their Brownie cameras and photographic equipment were confiscated. [149] However, in light of Plotnikov's research, the group that carried out the execution consisted almost entirely of ethnic Russians (Nikulin, Medvedev (Kudrin), Ermakov, Vaganov, Kabanov, Medvedev and Netrebin) with the participation of one Jew (Yurovsky) and possibly, one Latvian (Ya.M. "[118]Yurovsky knows nothing about the lack of jewelry in her underwear, so in his 1922 memoir, Here the special position Maria held in the family was confirmedshe is not similar to and [also] outwardly as the first two sisters: [she is] somewhat reticent and considered like a step-daughter in the family. is written on it. The royal family working in the garden during their internment in Tsarskoe Selo in spring 1917. [98] Anna Demidova, Alexandra's maid, survived the initial onslaught but was quickly stabbed to death against the back wall while trying to defend herself with a small pillow which she had carried that was filled with precious gems and jewels. Not trusting the communists, many people, including living members of the Romanovs, held out hope that at least some members of the royal family survived. , II (Repentance. He ordered additional trucks to be sent out to Koptyaki whilst assigning Pyotr Voykov to obtain barrels of petrol, kerosene and sulphuric acid, and plenty of dry firewood. What? the czar exclaimed. The remains were buried in St. Petersburg cathedral in 1998, and the buried Romanovs weredeclared saints in the Russian Orthodox church. It was published in English in 1925. 2023, A&E Television Networks, LLC. . On 5 June a second palisade was erected, higher and longer than the first, which completely enclosed the property. [40] Their only source of ventilation was a fortochka in the grand duchesses' bedroom, but peeking out of it was strictly forbidden; in May a sentry fired a shot at Anastasia when she looked out. Barlow-Austin's . Railroad ties were placed over the grave to disguise it, with the Fiat truck being driven back and forth over the ties to press them into the earth. The destruction of the house did not stop pilgrims or monarchists from visiting the site. Published: Apr. [137] Publication and worldwide acceptance of the investigation prompted the Soviets to issue a government-approved textbook in 1926 that largely plagiarized Sokolov's work, admitting that the empress and her children had been murdered with the Tsar. [141] The remains were disinterred in 1991 by Soviet officials in a hasty 'official exhumation' that wrecked the site, destroying precious evidence. [68], The Ural Regional Soviet agreed in a meeting on 29 June that the Romanov family should be executed. [83] Neither Yurovsky nor any of the killers went into the logistics of how to efficiently destroy eleven bodies. The external guard, led by Pavel Medvedev, numbered 56 and took over the Popov House opposite. No one survived, and anyone who claimed otherwise was an imposter. [126], After Yekaterinburg fell to the anti-communist White Army on 25 July, Admiral Alexander Kolchak established the Sokolov Commission to investigate the murders at the end of that month. Officially the family will die at the evacuation. It was the missing children. [91] The remaining executioners shot chaotically and over each other's shoulders until the room was so filled with smoke and dust that no one could see anything at all in the darkness nor hear any commands amid the noise. The case was finally solved, however, when researchers found the remaining two skeletons of the missing Romanov children in 2007. Yurovsky watched in disbelief as Nikulin spent an entire magazine from his Browning gun on Alexei, who was still seated transfixed in his chair; he also had jewels sewn into his undergarment and forage cap. [63], During the imperial family's imprisonment in late June, Pyotr Voykov and Alexander Beloborodov, president of the Ural Regional Soviet,[64] directed the smuggling of letters written in French to the Ipatiev House. Remnick, Reporting: Writings from the New Yorker, p. 222. The CDC says it calculates death rates by five-year and seven-year periods because of year-to-year fluctuation in the numbers and due to the relatively low number of women who die from abortion. The Romanovs brought the tragedy of Ekaterinberg on themselves. A few days later, the Bolsheviks announced the czars murder to the world, and the party used the elimination of their biggest enemy to consolidate their political power. But questions still lingered. Learn more about Erin and her work at erinblakemore.com. [96] The corpse of Anastasia's King Charles Spaniel, Jimmy, was also found in the pit. [100] Ermakov grabbed Alexander Strekotin's rifle and bayoneted her in the chest,[100] but when it failed to penetrate he pulled out his revolver and shot her in the head. [178][179] The rehabilitation was denounced by the Communist Party of the Russian Federation, vowing the decision will "sooner or later be corrected". He returned to the Amerikanskaya Hotel to confer with the Cheka. But two of the childrens remains were missing: Maria and Alexei. All Rights Reserved. In testing the mtDNA, researchers compared the base pairs between the Tsar, Duke and great-niece. [138] Yurovsky and his assistant, Nikulin, who died in 1964, are buried in the Novodevichy Cemetery in Moscow. The states investigative team found thousands of bones and other relics from the imperial family, and DNA analysis soon confirmed they were in fact the Romanovs. They clung to the principle of autocracy and hostility to democracy, which was then inherited by the Communists and is now espoused by the present regime in the Kremlin. Uncovered documents in Archive No. [124], Yurovsky separated the Tsarevich Alexei and one of his sisters to be buried about 15 metres (50ft) away, in an attempt to confuse anyone who might discover the mass grave with only nine bodies. Chaos ensued as Yurovsky and his men drove the bodies into the forest, stripped them down, confiscated their jewelry and the jewels that were hidden in their clothing, and buried them. [148] Pyotr Voykov was given the specific task of arranging for the disposal of their remains, obtaining 570 litres (130impgal; 150USgal) of gasoline and 180 kilograms (400lb) of sulphuric acid, the latter from the Yekaterinburg pharmacy. Tsar Nicholas II and his family in 1913. [75] He was frequently in consultation with Peter Ermakov, who was in charge of the disposal squad and claimed to know the outlying countryside. Seven bodies, including two that investigators believe belong to two missing teenage girls, were found Monday afternoon at an Oklahoma residence of a man who authorities were seeking in the teens . out of the jurisdiction of Yekaterinburg and Perm province). They had no idea they had reached their final destination. The Romanov family was executed by the Bolsheviks after the onset of the Russian Revolution led by Vladimir Lenin, which established the world's first communist state. [77] Shooting and stabbing them at night while they slept or killing them in the forest and then dumping them into the Iset pond with lumps of metal weighted to their bodies were ruled out. She has been a regular contributor to History.com since 2017. [51] In mid-June, nuns from the Novo-Tikhvinsky Monastery also brought the family food on a daily basis, most of which the captors took when it arrived. / : / . [24] A 2011 investigation concluded that, despite the opening of state archives in the post-Soviet years, no written document has been found which proves Lenin or Sverdlov ordered the executions;[25] however, they endorsed the murders after they occurred. For the Romanov family at the Ipatiev House, Tuesday July 16 in Ekaterinburg was much like any other day, punctuated by the same frugal meals, brief periods of recreation in the garden, reading . But Alexei and Marias remains are still being held in a Russian state archivenot buried along with the rest of their family. More than 60 years earlier, Tsar Nicholas II abdicated the throne while under pressure from the Red Army, an army created in the wake of theBolshevikRevolution of 1917. The Romanovs were buried in two unmarked graves, one containing Nicholas, Alexandra, and three of their daughters and another containing Alexei and one of his sisters. on the nuclear DNA. [25], On the afternoon of 19 July, Filipp Goloshchyokin announced at the Opera House on Glavny Prospekt that "Nicholas the bloody" had been shot and his family taken to another place. [78] There is no documentary record of an answer from Moscow, although Yurovsky insisted that an order from the CEC to go ahead had been passed on to him by Goloshchyokin at around 7 pm. [169], Over the years, a number of people claimed to be survivors of the ill-fated family. The intention was to park it close to the basement entrance, with its engine running, to mask the noise of gunshots. [166] Unlike the imperial family, the bodies at Alapayevsk and Perm were recovered by the White Army in October 1918 and May 1919 respectively. In fact, both men were already dead: after the Bolsheviks had removed them from the Ipatiev House in May, they had been shot by the Cheka with a group of other hostages on 6 July, in reprisal for the death of Ivan Malyshev[ru], Chairman of the Ural Regional Committee of the Bolshevik Party killed by the Whites. Primary Menu Sections Search [62], In mid-July 1918, forces of the Czechoslovak Legion were closing on Yekaterinburg, to protect the Trans-Siberian Railway, of which they had control. 1941. [160][161] Soviet historiography portrayed Nicholas as a weak and incompetent leader whose decisions led to military defeats and the deaths of millions of his subjects,[162] while Lenin's reputation was protected at all costs, thus ensuring that no discredit was brought on him; responsibility for the 'liquidation' of the Romanov family was directed at the Ural Soviets and Yekaterinburg Cheka. Gerard Shelley. [74] He inspected the site on the evening of 17 July and reported back to the Cheka at the Amerikanskaya Hotel. Trotsky wrote: My next visit to Moscow took place after the fall of Yekaterinburg. For starters, two of the Romanov children were missing. [41] After the Romanovs made repeated requests, one of the two windows in the tsar and tsarina's corner bedroom was unsealed on 23 June 1918. of thousands of pilgrims from all over the world at the city's Church on the Blood marks the 100th anniversary of the murder of Russia's last . [132] He died in France in 1924 of a heart attack before he could complete his investigation. It took multiple attempts and 20 minutes to kill every family. The burial of the Romanov family is as gruesome as their execution The murder of the imperial family was no simple affair. [117] Yurovsky, worried that he might not have enough time to take the bodies to the deeper mine, ordered his men to dig another burial pit then and there, but the ground was too hard. His research provided the basis for the book "The Murder of the Imperial Family. Only then did Yurovsky discover that the pit was less than 3 metres (9.8ft) deep and the muddy water below did not fully submerge the corpses as he had expected. In May 1979, the remains of most of the family and their retainers were found by amateur enthusiasts, who kept the discovery secret until the collapse of the Soviet Union. [171] After forensic examination[172] and DNA identification (partly aided by mitochondrial DNA samples from Prince Phillip),[173] the bodies were laid to rest with state honors in the St. Catherine Chapel of the Peter and Paul Cathedral in Saint Petersburg, where most other Russian monarchs since Peter the Great lie. Over the course of 84 days after the Yekaterinburg murders, 27 more friends and relatives (14 Romanovs and 13 members of the imperial entourage and household)[166] were murdered by the Bolsheviks: at Alapayevsk on 18 July,[167] Perm on 4 September,[59] and the Peter and Paul Fortress on 24 January 1919. Russian workers and peasants have only one desire: to drive a good aspen-wood stake into this grave cursed by the people.. The French Revolution and the Russian Anti-Democratic Tradition: A Case of False Consciousness (1997). Anderson was really Franziska Schanzkowska of Poland. Whereas people inherit their nuclear DNA from each parent, mothers exclusively pass on mtDNA. As the Bolsheviks gathered strength, the government moved Nicholas, Alexandra, and their daughter Maria to Yekaterinburg under the direction of Vasily Yakovlev in April 1918. [19], According to the official state version of the Soviet Union, ex-Tsar Nicholas Romanov, along with members of his family and retinue, were executed by firing squad by order of the Ural Regional Soviet. [188] There is a widespread legend that the remains of the Romanovs were completely destroyed at the Ganina Yama during the ritual murder and a profitable pilgrimage business developed there. The murder of the imperial family was no simple affair. In the past, several people claimed to be one of the children who miraculously survived, including a few who claimed to be the Grand Duchess Anastasia. It reported that the monarch had been executed on the order of Uralispolkom under pressure posed by the approach of the Czechoslovaks.[165]. [55] On 14 July, a priest and deacon conducted a liturgy for the Romanovs. He interviewed several members of the Romanov entourage in February 1919, notably Pierre Gilliard, Alexandra Tegleva and Sydney Gibbes. The lifeless bodies of Russias last monarch, his wife Alexandra, and their five children, Alexei, Olga, Tatiana, Maria and Anastasia, were about to go on a journey that would stretch over years, stoke controversy and stump historians. Scientists repeated the mtDNA test and, . After abdication, Nicholas II and his family were arrested. "And the family with him." She was not a Romanov. Forensic investigation into the authenticity of the remains of Russia's Royal family members. [180], On Thursday, 26 August 2010, a Russian court ordered prosecutors to reopen an investigation into the murder of Tsar Nicholas II and his family, although the Bolsheviks believed to have shot them in 1918 had died long before. However, Moscow's Basmanny Court ordered the re-opening of the case, saying that a Supreme Court ruling blaming the state for the killings made the deaths of the actual gunmen irrelevant, according to a lawyer for the Tsar's relatives and local news agencies. [32] The lavatory on the landing was also used by the guards, who scribbled political slogans and crude graffiti on the walls. [181], In late 2015, at the insistence by the Russian Orthodox Church,[182] Russian investigators exhumed the bodies of Nicholas II and his wife, Alexandra, for additional DNA testing,[183] which confirmed that the bones were of the couple. Shaquil Barrett and his family have received an outpouring of support from the NFL community following the heartbreaking death of his 2-year-old daughter. And perhaps even more pressingly, could scientists be sure the grave truly belonged to the Romanovs and not some other unfortunate family? Genealogists were able to identify two distant relatives. [79] This claim was consistent with that of a former Kremlin guard, Aleksey Akimov, who in the late 1960s stated that Sverdlov instructed him to send a telegram confirming the CEC's approval of the 'trial' (code for execution) but required that both the written form and ticker tape be returned to him immediately after the message was sent. [112] Yurovsky maintained control of the situation with great difficulty, eventually getting Ermakov's men to shift some of the bodies from the truck onto the carts. Filipp Goloshchyokin arrived in Moscow on 3 July with a message insisting on the Tsar's execution. Males also inherit the maternal mtDNA but do not pass it on to their offspring. The mtDNA in the remains matched Prince Philip. Members of the Presidium of the Ural Executive Council: number of people claimed to be survivors of the ill-fated family, Communist Party of the Russian Federation, Princess Elisabeth of Hesse and by Rhine (18641918), "A Playwright Applies His Craft To Czar Nicholas II's Last Days", "From the archive, 22 July 1918: Ex-tsar Nicholas II executed", "Sleuths say they've found the last Romanovs", "Russia reopens criminal case on 1918 Romanov royal family murders", : , 1926. [56] The following morning, four housemaids were hired to wash the floors of the Popov House and Ipatiev House; they were the last civilians to see the family alive. Investigators werent certain how many people were buried in the mass grave. Yeltsin wrote in his memoirs that "sooner or later we will be ashamed of this piece of barbarism". Where were the two missing Romanov children? As Russia became the Soviet Union, the monarchy became a scapegoat, and those who supported the Romanovs went underground with their opinions as the political climate became more and more oppressive. The 55 volumes of Lenin's Collected Works as well as the memoirs of those who directly took part in the murders were scrupulously censored, emphasizing the roles of Sverdlov and Goloshchyokin. Scientists began by testing the short tandem repeat (STR) markers on the nuclear DNA. Andersons compelling story attracted attention, and it was made into a 1956 movie starring Ingrid Bergman. However, as of 2011[update], there has been no conclusive evidence that either Lenin or Sverdlov gave the order. Suddenly, armed thugs rushed in. And in 2018, as the country was preparing to commemorate the 100th anniversary of their deaths, Russian investigators announced that further DNA testing confirmed that the remains were indeed authentic Now they knew for certain all the Romanovs died during the shocking execution. Find History on Facebook (Opens in a new window), Find History on Twitter (Opens in a new window), Find History on YouTube (Opens in a new window), Find History on Instagram (Opens in a new window), Find History on TikTok (Opens in a new window), Fine Art Images/Heritage Images/Getty Images, https://www.history.com/news/romanov-family-bodies-discovery-coverup, Why the Romanov Familys Fate Was a Secret Until the Fall of the Soviet Union. The Bolsheviks placed the family under house arrest, and then suddenly executed them in 1918 an event that toppled Russia's last imperial dynasty. "[77] The prisoners were told to wait in the cellar room while the truck that would transport them was being brought to the House. [102] Only Alexei's spaniel, Joy, survived to be rescued by a British officer of the Allied Intervention Force,[104] living out his final days in Windsor, Berkshire. The study involved the main experts on the subject historians and archivists. Until her death in 1984, Anderson contended she was the missing Tsarina. [134], His preliminary report was published in a book that same year in French and then Russian. Syndicated talk-show host Jerry Springer died Thursday of pancreatic cancer, according his longtime friend and family spokesman. Between 1682 and 1917, when Tsar Nicholas II abdicated on behalf of himself and his son, the heir apparent to the throne, the Russian monarchy had become a stable and established system. [74], On 14 July, Yurovsky was finalizing the disposal site and how to destroy as much evidence as possible at the same time. HISTORY reviews and updates its content regularly to ensure it is complete and accurate. [26] V. N. Solovyov, the leader of the Investigative Committee of Russia's 1993 investigation on the shooting of the Romanov family, has concluded that there is no reliable document that indicates that either Lenin or Sverdlov were responsible. Yurovsky killed Tatiana and Alexei. For women, that means they have the same mtDNA as their mother, grandmother and so-forth. Sokolov's report was banned. The Legions arrived less than a week later and on 25 July captured the city. Instead, they disinterred the bodies as they frantically searched for another grave site. Alexei, who had severe haemophilia, was too ill to accompany his parents and remained with his sisters Olga, Tatiana, and Anastasia, not leaving Tobolsk until May. [143], On 15 August 2000, the Russian Orthodox Church announced the canonization of the family for their "humbleness, patience and meekness". Pavel Medvedev, head of the Ipatiev House guard and one of the key figures in the murders,[58] was captured by the White Army in Perm in February 1919. The state also remained aloof from the celebration, as President Vladimir Putin considers Nicholas II a weak ruler.[190]. The wall had been torn apart in search of bullets and other evidence by investigators in 1919. Behind, from left to right, are their daughters Maria, Olga, and Tatiana.. The examination of Czar Nicholas II's skull by photographic superimposition after the discovery of bones recovered in 1991. [65] These fabricated letters, along with the Romanov responses to them (written on either blank spaces or the envelopes),[66] provided the Central Executive Committee (CEC) in Moscow with further justification to 'liquidate' the imperial family. The DNA tests revealed that skeletons four and seven were the parents of skeletons three, five and six. Lenin was, however, aware of Vasily Yakovlev's decision to take Nicholas, Alexandra and Maria further on to Omsk instead of Yekaterinburg in April 1918, having become worried about the extremely threatening behavior of the Ural Soviets in Tobolsk and along the Trans-Siberian Railway. Three days after the murders, Yurovsky personally reported to Lenin on the events of that night and was rewarded with an appointment to the Moscow City Cheka. The Red Army was secretive about the executions, and the ruling Communist party didnt permit inquiries into the historic event. Yurovsky was furious when he discovered that the drunken Ermakov had brought only one shovel for the burial. The Holy Synod opposed the government's decision in February 1998 to bury the remains in the Peter and Paul Fortress, preferring a "symbolic" grave until their authenticity had been resolved. [121], During transportation to the deeper copper mines on the early morning of 19 July, the Fiat truck carrying the bodies got stuck again in mud near Porosenkov Log ("Piglet's Ravine"). Instead, her DNA matched with the Schanzkowska family. [170] In July 1991, the bodies of five family members (the Tsar, Tsarina, and three of their daughters) were exhumed. [158] On 16 July, the editors of Danish newspaper Nationaltidende queried Lenin to "kindly wire facts" in regards to a rumor that Nicholas II "has been murdered"; he responded, "Rumor not true. On the night of July 16,. Getty Images. [119], Sergey Chutskaev[ru] of the local Soviet told Yurovsky of some deeper copper mines west of Yekaterinburg, the area remote and swampy and a grave there less likely to be discovered. The case, however, was still open. Born: June 18, 1901, in St. Petersburg, Russia Died: July 17, 1918, in Yekaterinburg, Russia In 1979, a geologist in Russia approached a grassy area near the Koptyaki forest. The intoxicated Peter Ermakov, the military commissar for Verkh-Isetsk, shot and killed Alexandra with a bullet wound to the head. Transaction Publishers. Nicholas noted in his diary on 8 July that "new Latvians are standing guard", describing them as Letts a term commonly used in Russia to classify someone as of European, non-Russian origin. The bodies had been dumped together, and they decomposed over time, leaving behind disorganized bone fragments. When the mass grave was discovered in the early 1990s, the hospital gave researchers the tissue sample so they could determine whether Anderson was telling the truth. In the words of author Joshua Hammer "the murder of Czar Nicholas Romanov and his family has resonated through Soviet and Russian history, inspiring not only immeasurable government cover-ups and public speculation but also a great many books, television series, movies, novels and rumors." (Hammer, 1) The murder of the Romanovs [107], Aleksandr Lisitsyn of the Cheka, an essential witness on behalf of Moscow, was designated to promptly dispatch to Sverdlov soon after the executions of Nicholas and Alexandra's politically valuable diaries and letters, which would be published in Russia as soon as possible. And how could they further confirm the Tsars identity and convince skeptics? She was not a Romanov. 29, 2023 at 7:53 AM PDT. [11] The Soviet cover-up of the murders fuelled rumors of survivors. In 1998, eighty years after the executions, the remains of the Romanovs were reinterred in a state funeral in the Peter and Paul Cathedral in Saint Petersburg. [111] About .mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}800 metres (12 mile) further on, near crossing no. Dmitry Shlapentokh. He wanted dedicated Bolsheviks who could be relied on to do whatever was asked of them. 134, : , 1926. [104], The White Army investigator Nikolai Sokolov erroneously claimed that the executions of the Imperial Family was carried out by a group of "Latvians led by a Jew". [13] The Soviet Union did not acknowledge the existence of these remains publicly until 1989 during the glasnost period. I made no reply.
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