Over the last 5 years, the proportion of prosecutions for summary non-motoring offences has been decreasing for both male and female defendants, offset by increases in both indictable and summary motoring offences. Well send you a link to a feedback form. In 2019/20, 2.6% of all children were victims of violent crime. For example, data on arrests are presented in financial years, while data from courts is presented in calendar years. , Indictable offences are more serious offences that may (if triable-either-way) or must (if indictable only) be passed on to the Crown Court; while summary offences are typically less serious and almost always dealt with entirely in magistrates courts. Self-harm per individual was over twice as high for females at 9.3 instances, compared to 4.4 for males. We use some essential cookies to make this website work. In 2019/20, 31,800 individuals were detained under section 136 of the Mental Health Act (1983) in England and Wales, a 2% increase when compared to the previous year[footnote 26]. (2020). Youth custody report for September 2016 published. , Defendants are reported against their principal (i.e. In 2019, 60,800 cautions were issued, 78% to males and 22% to females. Errors in our statistical systems and processes. The proportion of PNDs issued to females was stable at 22% until 2018 when it fell to 19% and then to 18% in 2019. To avoid inconsistency in the length of their offending histories, for those with an academic year of 2008/09 their offending data has been considered up to 31 August 2016 and for those with an academic year of 2009/10 it has been considered up to 31 August 2017. Britain has the highest proportion of fatherless families (2 million) of any major European country. The proportion of adults who experienced violent crime generally decreased with increasing age. , These are sourced from linked magistrates courts and Crown Court administrative data systems with a match rate of around 90%. Compared to males, a significantly higher proportion of females reported: self-declared mental health problems, physical disability, having drug and alcohol problems, money worries and housing worries. Remands at magistrates court followed similar trends to police remands over the last 5 years, with lower proportions of female defendants bailed or remanded in custody. Statistics on PSRs are published alongside Offender Management Statistics. Benefit fraud females made up 55% of the 98 summary convictions in 2019, down 3 pp from 2015. , From April 2017, the upper age limit for the self-completion module was increased to ask all respondents aged 16 to 74. Monthly statistics on the population in custody of children and young people within the secure estate. In 2019, 50% of PNDs were paid in full, and 35% resulted in a fine for late payment. This was considerably higher than the proportion of pupils eligible for FSM in the overall pupil population (including both offenders and non-offenders) in 2013/14[footnote 102] and 2014/15[footnote 103] (14% for both young females and young males). For both sexes, the child custody rate has remained broadly stable since 2015, at 8% for males and 2% for females. Youth custody report for February 2016 published. Figure 4.03: Number of Penalty Notices for Disorder issued, by sex, 2015 to 2019. As a consequence, care should be taken to ensure the limitations of these data are taken into account. , See the Criminal justice statistics outcomes by offence data tool in Criminal Justice Statistics Quarterly: December 2019 to obtain all statistics on prosecutions, convictions and sentencing quoted in this chapter. In 2019, the number of individuals who self-harmed per 1,000 prisoners was 335 for females and 148 for males[footnote 67]. The remains . , Data are from the most recently published Homicide in England and Wales, 2018/19. Between 2015 and 2019, offenders of unknown sex comprised less than 1% of offenders. Overall personal crime rates continue to decrease from 2015/16. Figure 7.08: Adult reoffending rate by age group and sex, April 2017 to March 2018 offender cohort, England and Wales. Youth custody data - February 2014 published. This report is also accompanied by an infographic summarising key findings. The 75+ group was the only age group where prevalence of violent crime in highest among females. , Domestic abuse is made up of partner or family non-physical abuse, threats, force, sexual assault or stalking. As at 30 June 2019, there were 9,100 prisoners held on remand (unsentenced), 6% of the prison population held on remand were female and this proportion was stable over the last 5 years. , This section excludes those where sex is not stated and other defendants such as companies and public bodies in total these accounted for 10% of all defendants in 2019. Previous data representing ages 16-59 are therefore incomparable to data after April 2017. The proportion of males issued a caution for indictable offences was 56%, compared to 52% for female offenders. Benefit fraud females made up 58% of the 1160 convictions for indictable benefit fraud offences up 2 pp from 2015. The conviction ratio has been consistently higher for female offenders over the last 5 years, and was 88% in 2019, compared to 87% for males. Cautions issued[footnote 33][footnote 34] Youth custody report and data for February 2018 published. , If enforcement officers suspect a household of watching or recording live TV without a valid licence and are not able to contact anyone at the property by letter or by telephone, they visit the household in person. Of all female offenders cautioned or convicted in 2019, 35% were first time offenders, compared to 22% for males. In the same year, 51.7% of adults perceived the Criminal Justice System as effective; this did not significantly differ between sexes. There are also sections covering statistics on out of court disposals which come from the Criminal Justice Statistics Quarterly: December 2019, published by the Ministry of Justice, and experimental pilot data from national Liaison and Diversion services, as supplied by NHS England. The proportion issued to females has slightly decreased over the last 5 years, from 24% in 2015. A higher proportion of young females were suspected as having issues with alcohol misuse, were identified at risk of suicide, self-harm or harm through personal neglect and in need of accommodation, education, employment or training. A greater proportion of female offenders are sentenced for offences that tend to receive shorter sentences. The overall style and composition of the report have also been changed to align with Statistics on Race and the Criminal Justice System 2018, with the intention of making it easier for readers to interpret the relative experiences of males and females throughout the CJS. A 5-year time series have been presented wherever possible, of whichever length is most appropriate in context. 4% of crime higher legal aid clients had an unstated sex. , The overall increase in ACSL may be connected to changes in sentencing guidelines see accompanying technical guide for further details. Key Child Custody Statistics 2023 Approximately 29% of child custody decisions are made without mediators or court hearings. As at 30 June 2019, 5% of the prison population were female, this proportion has remained stable for the last 5 years. This is the latest biennial compendium of Statistics on Women and the Criminal Justice System and follows its sister publication Statistics on Race and the Criminal Justice System published last year. The relative proportion of male and female victims has remained consistent over the last five years[footnote 20]. Child custody A campaign to change the law was led by Caroline Norton, whose own marriage to a violent husband had failed. These data comes from the Child Support Supplement to the April 2018 Current Population Survey (CPS). Figure 7.07: Proportion of males and female offenders by offending history, England and Wales, 2015 and 2019. Between 2015 and 2019 the median time from offence to charge increased for both females and males to varying degrees, up 10% and 33% respectively. The Ministry of Justice aims to avoid the need for revisions to publications unless they are absolutely necessary and put systems and processes in place to minimise the number of revisions. Youth custody report for November 2015 published. Male homicide victims had higher prevalence in all age groups, except those over 65, and 5-15, where females were more often the victim. Some 18 year olds remain in the secure estate for children and young people if they only have a short period of their sentence to serve, to avoid disrupting their regimes. The proportion of female legal aid recipients in the Crown Court was lower with 10% of the crime higher legal aid workload in 2019[footnote 42]. We also use cookies set by other sites to help us deliver content from their services. , For both indictable and summary offences. In the most recent year, females had a higher average number of reoffences per reoffender (also known as the frequency rate) compared to males, at 4.33 and 3.99, respectively. Data has bee updated and published for May 2013. Father-headed households 400,000 families were headed by lone fathers in 2012, representing 13.5% of all single-parent households in the UK according to the Office for National Statistics. They have been excluded from all analyses in this chapter. These statistics concentrate on the flow of children (aged 10-17) through the youth justice system in England and Wales. A technical document titled A Guide to Statistics on Women and the Criminal Justice System is available alongside this report, which provides users with information on the concepts and terminology used within the report, as well as information about data sources, data quality and references. You have accepted additional cookies. For both young males and young females that received a sentence/caution in the matched offender cohort, over half (57% of males and 61% of females) received Free School Meals (FSM). The proportion of young females who had been permanently excluded and sentenced to a fine was 9%, compared to 15% for young males, a 6 percentage point difference. Court bail includes those remanded on bail at any stage of proceedings at magistrates or Crown Court who were never remanded in custody but who may also have been not remanded at some stage of those proceedings. Time Method View help for Time Method version of this document in a more accessible format, please email, Check benefits and financial support you can get, Find out about the Energy Bills Support Scheme, Safety in the Children and Young People Secure Estate: Update to June 2022. Please send any comments to: datausers@justice.gov.uk. The Authority considers whether the statistics meet the highest standards of Code compliance, including the value they add to public decisions and debate. The most disturbing though, 27% of fathers have no contact with their children. Youth Custody Report for July 2013 published. , Fast Delivery PSR (oral) The Criminal Justice Act 2003 removed the requirement for all PSRs to be written. Figure 5.12: Proportion of offenders sentenced to immediate custody, by custodial sentence length and sex, 2019[footnote 58]. News stories, speeches, letters and notices, Reports, analysis and official statistics, Data, Freedom of Information releases and corporate reports. Cannabis warnings and community resolutions will not be considered when looking at out of court disposals because they are not recorded by sex. The number of children prosecuted for indictable offences has fallen by 29% since 2015, compared to the 25% decrease seen in adult prosecutions. Report and data for December 2017 published. In 2019, the average custodial sentence length (ACSL) for male offenders was 19.7 months compared to 11.3 months for female offenders. In 2019, offenders with 15 or more previous cautions or convictions comprised 25% of all offenders, 89% of offenders were male, compared to the 11% who were female. The following section discusses child offenders at different stages of the Criminal Justice System. This can be explained by a 7% rise for females and a 4% fall for males between 2018 and 2019. Therefore, Figure 3.01 refers to the previous year, 2018/19. Following past trends, females were disproportionately affected by all forms of intimate violence, according to CSEW data[footnote 13]. In 2017, the aggregate amount of child support that was expected for receipt was $30 billion; 62% of that amount was actually received, averaging $3,431 per custodial parent. Overall personal crime rates decreased significantly between 2018/19 and 2019/20. Since 2015, the ACSL for indictable offences has risen for both male and female offenders from all ethnic groups[footnote 76]. Criminal legal aid consists of legal advice and representation provided to people being investigated or charged with a criminal offence, covering police stations, prisons, and the courts. Email: CJS_Statistics@justice.gov.uk, Alternative formats are available on request from ESD@justice.gov.uk, Available at https://www.statisticsauthority.gov.uk/code-of-practice/, Fieldwork for the year to March 2020 was suspended two weeks early on Wednesday the 18th March 2020, just prior to the lockdown restrictions being announced by the Government on the 23rd March 2020. Give detailed and full explanations as to why the revisions were necessary. Drunkenness in charge of a child females made up 67% of the 162 convictions, up 6 pp from 2015. A higher proportion of female children were remanded on bail (72%) than male children (38%). , In 2018/19 Lancashire, Warwickshire and West Mercia stated that new IT systems and/or processes had led to changes in recording of detentions under section 136 of the Mental Health Act. Ministry of Justice, 3rd Floor, 10 South Colonnade, London, E14 4PU, General enquiries about the statistical work of the Ministry of Justice can be e-mailed to: ESD@justice.gov.uk, The structure and content of this report is continually being reviewed to reflect user requirements. Data on PSRs relates to those aged 18 or older and all offence types. Of those sentenced, a consistently higher proportion of female offenders were fined and had a lower average fine than male offenders over the last 5 years. Compared to male offenders, a larger proportion of female offenders were prosecuted for summary offences, which may account for this difference. Youth custody statistics for October 2013 published. It is important to note that the number of female children receiving custodial sentences was lower than males (approximately 50 females compared to 1,100 males). Figure 5.07: Remand status at Crown Court, by sex, 2015 to 2019, Outcomes for defendants remanded in custody at Crown Court. Contrastingly, the HMPPS HQ (and Area Services) has a majority female staff, increasing to 59% in 2020. Youth custody data for June 2017 published. The other ethnic groups all had the same custody rate of 35%. Figure 7.05: Proportion of children in the Criminal Justice System, by sex, England and Wales, 2019. The highest frequency rate was observed amongst female offenders aged 30 to 34, at 4.83, whilst for male offenders, it was highest in both the 30-34 and 35-39 age groups, at 4.44 reoffences per reoffender. Consequently, there is a lower proportion of effective trials for females (43%) compared to males (50%). This was considerably lower than the proportion of pupils achieving this attainment level for the overall pupil population (including both offenders and non-offenders) in 2013/14 (62% for young females and 52% for young males) and 2014/15 (62% for young females and 53% for young males). Report and data for March 2018 published. custody. Personal crime is defined by the CSEW as comprising of all violence and thefts. Twenty-nine percent of fathers see their children, 1-4 times a month. This proportion was slightly less for females (83%), than for males (85%). This chapter explores the nature, extent and risks of victimisation, as reported in the Crime Survey for England and Wales (CSEW): year ending March 2020[footnote 2][footnote 3][footnote 4][footnote 5], Homicide in England and Wales: year ending March 2019, and associated publications including Domestic abuse in England and Wales: year ending March 2019, and the Nature of Violent Crime in England and Wales: year ending March 2019. Offenders under supervision or in custody, Check benefits and financial support you can get, Find out about the Energy Bills Support Scheme, Women and the Criminal Justice System 2019, nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/version/3, Crime Survey for England and Wales (CSEW): year ending March 2020, Homicide in England and Wales: year ending March 2019, Domestic abuse in England and Wales: year ending March 2019, Nature of Violent Crime in England and Wales: year ending March 2019, CPS Quarterly Data Summaries Quarter 4 2019/20, Police Powers and Procedures, England and Wales, year ending 31 March 2020, Criminal Justice Statistics Quarterly: December 2019, Criminal Justice Statistics quarterly: December 2019, Probation (Community Orders and Suspended Sentence Orders), Discipline in Prison Establishments (Adjudications), Her Majestys Prison and Probation Service, https://www.statisticsauthority.gov.uk/code-of-practice/, Crime in England and Wales Annual Trend and Demographic Tables, Nature of Violent Crime, England and Wales: year ending 2019 (appendix tables), Criminal Court Statistics (annual): January to March 2020, https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/criminal-court-statistics-quarterly-april-to-june-2020/criminal-court-statistics-quarterly-april-to-june-2020, Criminal Court Statistics (quarterly): January to March 2020, Offender management statistics quarterly: January to March 2019, https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/930457/Guide-to-proven-reoffending_Oct20.pdf, Source: GCSE and equivalent results: 2013 to 2014 (revised) National tables: Table 3a: GCSE and equivalent entries and achievements of pupils at the end of key stage 4 by type of school and gender, Source: GCSE and equivalent results in England: 2014 to 2015 (revised) Main national tables: Table 3a: GCSE and equivalent entries and achievements of pupils at the end of key stage 4 by type of school and gender, Source: GCSE and equivalent attainment by pupil characteristics: 2014 - National and local authority tables: Table 1, Source: GCSE and equivalent results in England: 2014 to 2015 (revised) Characteristics national tables: Table CH1: GCSE and equivalent entries and achievements of pupils and the end of key stage 4 by pupil characteristics. Youth custody data for March 2017 published. All data refers to this age group throughout the section, unless stated otherwise. A fixed period exclusion can involve a part of the school day and it does not have to be for a continuous period. Just over a quarter (26%) of all prosecutions were for female defendants in 2019, which has remained stable over the last 5 years. Monthly statistics on the population in custody of children and young people within secure children's homes (SCHs), secure training centres (STCs) and young offender institutions (YOIs).. When a suspect is formally charged, they are brought before a magistrates court (as a defendant) as soon as possible. Females accounted for 15% of arrests, unchanged since 2015/16. , This section looks at indictable offences only. The matched cohort data also provided information on the proportion of those sentenced/cautioned that have a history of being persistently absent[footnote 110] from school, have a previous record of being permanently excluded[footnote 111] from school, or have received a fixed period exclusion[footnote 112], at any point during KS4. The publication also contains more detailed information on the make-up of the custody population by legal basis for detention, accommodation type, age group, gender, ethnicity and region of origin. These proportions have remained stable for the last 5 years. In homicides with victims under the age of 16, where the principal suspect was identified, 31% of suspects were the parent (males: 21%; females: 42%). Youth custody statistics for September 2013 published. Figure 8.01: The proportion of male and female offenders prosecuted for each offence group, England and Wales, 2019. However, this was lower than the proportion of pupils achieving this attainment level for the overall pupil population (including both offenders and non-offenders) in 2013/14[footnote 99] and 2014/15[footnote 100] (99% for young females and 98% for young males). This was driven by a decrease in prevalence of indecent exposure and unwanted touching, and rape excluding attempts. Statistically, it appears that the family courts in the United States are biased against fathers. As with PNDs, a larger proportion of female offenders were cautioned for theft offences (19% compared to 10% for males) whereas a larger proportion of male offenders were cautioned for drug offences (27% compared to 13% for females). This was much higher than the proportion of all year 11 pupils who had SEN without a statement (including both offenders and non-offenders) in 2013/14[footnote 108] (13% for young females and 18% for young males) and 2014/15[footnote 109] (10% for both young females and 14% for young males). The median offence to completion for all individual offence groups is higher for females than males except for violence against the person and theft offences. In 2019, 15% of males and 17% females elected to be tried at the Crown Court. The HMPPS Offender Equalities report 2019/20 (released on the same day as this report) also includes information on: Mother and Baby units, Sexual Orientation in the Prison Population, Accredited Programmes, Incentives and Earned Privileges and Electronic Monitoring. Adults of both sexes aged 16-24 reported the highest prevalence of personal crime in 2019/20, with the proportion generally /decreasing with increasing age. Isn't It Gender Discrimination? As at June 2019, the female prison population was 3,800 and has decreased 3% over the last 5 years, compared to 78,900 for the male prison population (decreasing 4% over the same time period). , Data for offending history includes both indictable and summary offences - unless otherwise stated. , Where sex is known. This proportions differ from the total prison population, which were 95% and 5% respectively. The study included 15 years of published cases involving alienation, abuse, and custody, while coding parties' claims and defenses, outcomes, and other key factors by gender and parental status. A contributing factor is the greater availability of females when an enforcement officer visits the home[footnote 116]. Between 2015 and 2019, female children saw the largest decline, a decrease of 35% in prosecutions, compared to a 29% decrease for male children that were prosecuted over the same period. TV licence evasion was the most common offence for which females were convicted in 2019. Reported in the Judicial Diversity Statistics 2020 publication, the quoted figures cover all court judges, i.e. Where we have identified any third party copyright information you will need to obtain permission from the copyright holders concerned. Violent crime was reported by a higher proportion of males (2.1%) than females (1.4%) in 2018/19. This is particularly true in relation to the most serious offence types and sentences, though patterns by sex vary between individual offences. (US Census Bureau, Statista) However, given the range of recording practises (see technical guide for details) throughout the CJS, it is likely that most recording includes a mixture of physiological and personal identity. As at 30 June 2019, the sentence length profile of males and females under a determinate sentence differs, with a higher proportion of females (15%) serving sentences of less than 12 months, compared to 6% of males[footnote 64] (influenced by custodial sentencing in Chapter 5: Defendants and offence mix in Chapter 7: Offence Analysis). Young females had higher levels of FSM eligibility across all disposals, except for fines, compared to young males. In 2019, 74% of those convicted for TV licence evasion were female. Here are a few examples, per the U.S. Census Bureau's 2020 study: 41.6% of custodial mothers are 40 years old or older. The average child support received by custodial parents as of 2017 was $3,431 per year. , Where there are multiple suspects in a homicide case, they are categorised in the Homicide Index as either the principal or a secondary suspect. In 2018/19, 21% of the 85,900 adults who engaged with liaison and diversion services were female. Of the sentenced prison population, sentences can be divided into two broad groups: determinate sentences which are for a fixed period, and indeterminate sentences (these include life sentences and indeterminate sentences for public protection IPPs). To allow for variable changes in headcount throughout the period considered, the sexes are best considered in terms of proportions of staff rather than absolute numbers. In 2019, the proportion of children prosecuted for indictable offences that were females was 10%. The majority (85%) of arrests continue to be accounted for by males in 2019/20. , Data on Prison Population uses the 30 June 2019 snapshot from the Offender management statistics quarterly: January to March 2019. , Pupils at the end of Key Stage 4 are typically aged 15 and 16. Prison population figures are from the Offender Management Statistics quarterly bulletin and are averaged across 12 months. , A first reception is a measure which counts a prisoners first movement into custody following a court hearing for a particular set of offences committed. In 2018/19, 671 homicides took place; 64% of victims were male and 36% were female. Youth custody data for January 2016 published. You have accepted additional cookies. Over the last 5 years, a higher proportion of males were bailed or remanded in custody. , Published figures for probation can be found in Offender Management Statistics quarterly. Statistics show that women are awarded child custody in nearly 90 percent of all cases. Figure 7.03: Average Custodial Sentence Lengths (ACSL) for indictable offences by sex and ethnic group, England and Wales, 2019. Similarly, in just over half of all . Other increases included a 3 percentage point increase in both magistrates and HMPPS (excluding probation) to 56% and 40%, respectively. 20 divorce facts for 2020. We also use cookies set by other sites to help us deliver content from their services. Senior police officers increased their female representation to 27% in 2020, from 23% five years ago. , The conviction ratio is calculated by dividing the total number of defendants convicted by the total number of defendants prosecuted in the same period. , For 2014/15, following SEND reforms, SEN pupils are categorised as SEN with a statement or Education, health and care (EHC) plan and SEN support. A gender bias argument should not be used by a divorced father unless he has personal experience and can back up that experience with proof. Youth custody report for April 2015 published. Although we explore differences between sexes, it is important that inferences are not made about individuals from group-level data since we consider averaged outcomes that do not take into consideration the unique sub-set of circumstances in each case. , A SEN statement is a document which sets out a childs SEN and any additional help that the child should receive. All results relate to England and Wales unless explicitly stated otherwise. Please note that the data for the Open Data for June 2021 has been amended. Males were serving longer custodial sentence length. The majority (95%) of the prison population were male. We are trialling the publication of this statistical bulletin in HTML format alongside the usual PDF version and we are seeking user feedback on the use of HTML for the publication of statistical bulletins. , PSRs provide information to the court about the offender and any circumstances surrounding the offence, to help decide on a suitable sentence. Once in prison, females generally reported a better experience when: on arrival, on the first night, induction and life on the wing. Females also consistently had a higher guilty plea rate for indictable offences. Overall, of the young offenders sentenced/cautioned, a larger proportion of young males (14%) had been permanently excluded compared to young females (10%). Youth custody report for September 2015 published. , Figures on cautions exclude cases where sex is not known (in 1% of cases), Summary motoring offences are not considered in relation to cautions or cautioning rates as these tend to be addressed using Fixed Penalty Notices. Comparisons with previous years are not possible due to changes in the order of questions asked influencing overall trends. The largest difference between genders in proportions of persistent absence was seen for those who were dealt with by a community penalty. In contrast, a higher proportion of male than female first time offenders were cautioned or convicted for drug offences over the last 5 years (13% and 5% respectively in 2019). Youth custody report for April 2016 published. In the 2017/18 cohort, the reoffending rate was higher for males at 30%, compared to 23% for females. There are still more single moms raising children, but it's likely inaccurate that the court is biased toward granting women custody.
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