At each halt, he would regale us [his entourage] rare foods and confectionery. The only real requirement was that the mansa knew he could trust this individual to safeguard imperial interests. By 1180 it had even subjugated Wagadou forcing the Sonink to pay tribute. This led to inflation throughout the kingdom. [g] Faga Leye was the son of Abu Bakr, a brother of Sunjata, the first mansa of the Mali Empire. Musa is known for his wealth and generosity. Please note that content linked from this page may have different licensing terms. [136] One particular source of salt in the Mali Empire was salt-mining sites located in Taghaza. The historian al-Umar, who visited Cairo 12 years after the emperors visit, found the inhabitants of this city, with a population estimated at one million, still singing the praises of Mansa Ms. [99] Mosques were built in Gao and Timbuktu along with impressive palaces also built in Timbuktu. . Mansa Musa, also known as Musa Keita I of Mali, was the tenth Sultan of the Mali Empire. Between 1324 - 1325, Mansa Musa . His religious devotion contributed to the spread of Islam across West Africa. The area was famous as a hunting ground for the large amount of game that it sheltered, as well as its dense vegetation. Returning with the combined armies of Mema, Wagadou and all the rebellious Mandinka city-states, Maghan Sundiata led a revolt against the Kaniaga Kingdom around 1234. Musa's name Kanku Musa means "Musa son of Kanku", but the genealogy may not be literal. [9] Upon Leo Africanus's visit at the beginning of the 16th century, his descriptions of the territorial domains of Mali showed that it was still a kingdom of considerable size. [86], The name "Musa" has become virtually synonymous with pilgrimage in Mand tradition, such that other figures who are remembered as going on a pilgrimage, such as Fakoli, are also called Musa. The Mali Empire expanded through conquest or annexation. Mansa Musa also known as Musa I of Mali and was the ninth Islamic ancient Emperor of West Africa in a kingdom known as the Mali Empire. [118] Mahmud sought support from several other rulers, including the governor of Kala, Bukar. A city called Dieriba or Dioliba is sometimes mentioned as the capital or main urban center of the province of Mande in the years before Sundiata, that was later abandoned. Sadly for Sundjata, this did not occur before his father died. Stride, G. T., & C. Ifeka: "Peoples and Empires of West Africa: West Africa in History 10001800". Each individual farariya ("brave") had a number of infantry officers beneath them called kl-koun or dknsi. What is evident is that there is no steady lineage governing the empire. [70] Manden was split in half with the Dodougou territory to the northeast and the Kri territory to the southwest. More than sixty years after the reign of Sundiata Keita, one of his descendants rose to become the King of Mali. His leadership of Mali, a state which stretched across two thousand . [86] After Sakura's death, power returned to the line of Sunjata, with Wali's son Qu taking the throne. [7] Maghan I succeeded his father as mansa in 1337, but was deposed by his uncle Suleyman in 1341. Still, by the time of Mansa Musa Keita II's death in 1387, Mali was financially solvent and in control of all of its previous conquests short of Gao and Dyolof. By 1350, the empire covered approximately 478,819 square miles (1,240,140km2). [15] He is also called Hidji Mansa Musa in oral tradition in reference to his hajj. [93], Following Musa Keita III's death, his brother Gbr Keita became emperor in the mid-15th century. It is unknown from whom he descended; however, another emperor, Mansa Maghan Keita III, is sometimes cited as Mansa Mahmud Keita I. by Spanish cartographers, shows West Africa dominated by a depiction of Mansa Musa sitting on a throne, holding a nugget of gold in one hand and a golden staff in the other. Mansa Musa was very wealthy and religious man who went on his Hajj for religious reasons and to also help people from his empire make the holy trip to Mecca for the god Allah. Mansa Mari Djata, later named Sundiata Keita, saw the conquest of several key locals in the Mali Empire. These oral stories . Sundjata is credited with at least the initial organisation of the Manding military. [26] Sariq Jata may be another name for Sunjata, who was actually Musa's great-uncle. [57], Modern oral traditions also related that the Mandinka kingdoms of Mali or Manden had already existed several centuries before Sundiata's unification as a small state just to the south of the Sonink empire of Wagadou, better known as the Ghana Empire. Mansa Musa even built the Great Mosque of Djenn, one of the most famous mosques in Mali, to recognize his pilgrimage. [89] This claim is often sourced to an article in CelebrityNetWorth,[89] which claims that Musa's wealth was the equivalent of US$400 billion. Wagadou's control over Manden came to a halt after internal instability lead to its decline. He ruled between 707-732/737 according to the Islamic calendar (AH), which translates to 1307-1332/1337 CE. One of the greatest caravans to ever cross the Sahara was led by Mansa Musa, the legendary ruler of the vast West African empire of Mali. While spears and bows were the mainstay of the infantry, swords and lances of local or foreign manufacture were the choice weapons of the cavalry. Al-Umari said that before Musa's arrival, a mithqal of gold was worth 25 silver dirhams, but that it dropped to less than 22 dirhams afterward and did not go above that number for at least twelve years. [3] During the 11th and 12th centuries, an empire began to develop following the decline of the Ghana Empire, or Wagadu, to the north. His reign is associated with numerous construction projects, including part of Djinguereber Mosque in Timbuktu. The architectural crafts in Granada had reached their zenith by the fourteenth century, and its extremely unlikely that a cultured and wealthy poet would have had anything more than a dilettante's knowledge of the intricacies of contemporary architectural practice. Forty years after the reign of Mansa Musa Keita I, the Mali Empire still controlled some 1,100,000 square kilometres (420,000sqmi) of land throughout Western Africa.[103][9]. His elaborate pilgrimage to the Muslim holy city of Mecca in 1324 introduced him to rulers in the Middle East and in Europe. In 1481, Fula raids against Mali's Tekrur provinces began. Musa went on hajj to Mecca in 1324, traveling with an enormous entourage and a vast supply of gold. [84] Then an enslaved court official, Sakura, seized power. It was during Suleyman's 19-year reign that Ibn Battuta visited Mali. Mansa Musa Family Tree | Empire of Mali. Musa embarked on a large building program, raising mosques and madrasas in Timbuktu and Gao. Not only do we pay for our servers, but also for related services such as our content delivery network, Google Workspace, email, and much more. [131] Mansa Musa placed a heavy tax on all objects that went through Timbuktu. [70] The mansa lost control of Jalo during this period. During this period only the Mongol Empire was larger. It is implausible that Abu Bakr was Musa's father, due to the amount of time between Sunjata's reign and Musa's. He also states that Djata or "Jatah" means "lion". The empire was founded by Sundiata Keita (c. 1214 c. 1255) and became renowned for the wealth of its rulers, especially Mansa Musa (Musa Keita). The Mali Empire began in and was centered around the Manding region in what is now southern Mali and northeastern Guinea. Mansa Souleyman Keita (or Suleiman) took steep measures to put Mali back into financial shape, thereby developing a reputation for miserliness. Running a website with millions of readers every month is expensive. His administration and military work allowed the empire to survive through the 16th century, solidifying him, his empire, and his family into the imaginations of storytellers around the world. It wasn't long before the new kingdom of Great Fulo was warring against Mali's remaining provinces. From the Mamma Haidara Commemorative Library, Timbuktu. [80] Ibn Khaldun regarded Wali as one of Mali's greatest rulers. It was this pilgrimage that awakened the world to the stupendous wealth of Mali. Abu Bakr was the first and only mansa to inherit through the female line, which has been argued to be either a break from or a return to tradition. The people of the south needed salt for their diet, but it was extremely rare. It was common practice during the Middle Ages for both Christian and Muslim rulers to tie their bloodline back to a pivotal figure in their faith's history, so the lineage of the Keita dynasty may be dubious at best,[62] yet African Muslim scholars like the London-based Nigerian-British cleric Sheikh Abu-Abdullah Adelabu have laid claim of divine attainments to the reign of Mansa Mousa: "in Islamic history and its science stories of Old Mali Empire and significance of Mansa Mousa by ancient Muslim historians like Shihab al-Umari, documenting histories of African legendaries like Mansa Kankan Musa did actually exist in early Arabic sources about West African history including works of the author of Subh al-a 'sha one of the final expressions of the genre of Arabic administrative literature, Ahmad al-Qalqashandi Egyptian writer, mathematician and scribe of the scroll (katib al-darj) in the Mamluk chancery in Cairo[63] as well as by the author of Kitab al-Masalik wa al-Mamalik (Book of Highways and Kingdoms) Ab Ubayd Al-Bakri, an Arab Andalusian Muslim geographer and historian emboldened Keita Dynasty", wrote Adelabu. [122] Their forces marched as far north as Kangaba, where the mansa was obliged to make a peace with them, promising not to attack downstream of Mali. From at least the beginning of the 11th century, Mandinka kings known as faamas ruled Manden from Ka-ba in the name of the Ghanas.[68]. In Niani, Musa built the Hall of Audience, a building communicating by an interior door to the royal palace. [11][b] In Mand tradition, it was common for one's name to be prefixed by their mother's name, so the name Kanku Musa means "Musa, son of Kanku", although it is unclear if the genealogy implied is literal. Ibn Khaldun in Levtzion and Hopkins, eds. Mansa Musa is potentially the richest person to ever live; as ruler of Mali from 1312 to 1337, he came into power after his brother, King Abu Bakr the Second, vanished on an oceanic voyage. Geography, Human Geography, Social Studies, Ancient Civilizations, World History. Imperial Mali is best known through three primary sources: the first is the account of Shihab al-'Umari, written in about 1340 by a geographer-administrator in Mamluk Egypt. This is the first account of a West African kingdom made directly by an eyewitness; the others are usually second-hand. Ms Is hajj left a lasting impression of Malis splendour on both the Islamic and European worlds. . As a result of steady tax revenue and stable government beginning in the last quarter of the 13th century, the Mali Empire was able to project its power throughout its own extensive domain and beyond. [122] They targeted Moroccan pashas still in Timbuktu and the mansas of Manden. While the accounts are of limited length, they provide a fairly good picture of the empire at its height. Muhummed's three wivesMarva Barfield, Laura Cowan, and Adrienne Easterwere also sexually assaulted, beaten, and imprisoned; Barfield participated in the children's abuse at Muhummed's instruction, and Cowan has also been accused of participating in the abuse. They also used flaming arrows for siege warfare. Mansa Musa returned from Mecca with several Islamic scholars, including direct descendants of the prophet Muhammad and an Andalusian poet and architect by the name of Abu Es Haq es Saheli,. The earliest document mentioning the mosque is Abd al-Sadi's Tarikh al-Sudan, which gives the early history, presumably from the oral tradition as it existed in the mid seventeenth century. [114] However, the Songhai do not maintain their hold on the Malian capital. . Around 1610, Mahmud Keita IV died. [20] Additional information comes from two 17th-century manuscripts written in Timbuktu, the Tarikh Ibn al-Mukhtar[c] and the Tarikh al-Sudan. Musa I (c. 1280 - 1337), better known as Mansa Musa, was the ninth mansa of the Mali Empire.Widely considered to have been the wealthiest person in known history (some sources measuring his wealth at around $400 billion adjusted to inflation), his vast wealth was used to attract scholars, merchants and architects to Mali, establishing it as a beacon of Islamic trade, culture and learning. . After unsuccessful attempts by Mansa Mama Maghan to conquer Bamana, the Bamana in 1670 sacked and burned the capital, and the Mali Empire rapidly disintegrated and ceased to exist, being replaced by independent chiefdoms. The farimba operated from a garrison with an almost entirely slave force, while a farima functioned on field with virtually all freemen. At the height of its power, Mali had at least 400 cities, and the interior of the Niger Delta was very densely populated. [45], Many oral histories point to a town called Dakajalan as the original home of the Keita clan and Sundiata's childhood home and base of operations during the war against the Soso. While on the hajj, he met the Andalusian poet and architect es-Saheli. He attempted to make Islam the faith of the nobility,[93] but kept to the imperial tradition of not forcing it on the populace. Musa conquered more than 20 major cities in his lifetime. . Mande bards in the region speak of the Dakajalan site, containing Sundiata's grave, as sacrosanct. The entire nation was mobilised, with each clan obligated to provide a quota of fighting-age men. Mansa Souleyman Keita died in 1360 and was succeeded by his son, Camba Keita. Imperial Mali's horsemen also used iron helmet and mail armour for defence[146] as well as shields similar to those of the infantry. Ms Is pilgrimage caravan to Mecca in 1324 comprised some 60,000 people and an immeasurable amount of gold. World History Foundation is a non-profit organization registered in Canada. In the first millennium BC, early cities and towns were created by Mande peoples related to the Soninke people, along the middle Niger River in central Mali, including at Dia which began from around 900 BC, and reached its peak around 600 BC,[52] and Djenne-Djenno, which lasted from around 250 BC to 900 AD. [93] He did not, however, hold the power of previous mansas because of the influence of his kankoro-sigui. Musa is known for his wealth and generosity. [76] The latter possibility is corroborated by Ibn Khaldun calling Suleyman Musa's son in that passage, suggesting he may have confused Musa's brother Suleyman with Musa's son Maghan. [d], Musa's father was named Faga Leye[12] and his mother may have been named Kanku. 05 Mar 2023. Musa's death may have occurred in 1337, 1332, or possibly even earlier, giving 1307 or 1312 as plausible approximate years of accession. The Catalan Atlas, created in 1375 C.E. [70] Gbr Keita was crowned Mansa Ouali Keita II and ruled during the period of Mali's contact with Portugal. Under his reign, Mali conquered the neighbouring kingdom of Songhai. His generous gifts to Mamluk Egypt and his expenditure of gold caused significant inflation in Egypt. Your email address will not be published. The salt was dug from the ground and cut into thick slabs, two of which were loaded onto each camel where they would be taken south across the desert to Oualata and sold. In 1534, Mahmud III, the grandson of Mahmud II, received another Portuguese envoy to the Mali court by the name of Pero Fernandes. While this was probably an exaggeration, it is known that during his pilgrimage to Mecca one of his generals, Sagmandia (Sagaman-dir), extended the empire by capturing the Songhai capital of Gao. The fame of Mansa Musa and his phenomenal wealth spread as he traveled on his hajjto Mecca. Songhai forces under the command of Askia Muhammad I defeated the Mali general Fati Quali Keita in 1502 and seized the province of Diafunu. Ibn Khaldun recorded that in 776 A.H or 1374/1375 AD he interviewed a Sijilmasan scholar named Muhammad b. Wasul who had lived in Gao and had been employed in its judiciary. Sundiata Keita is the first ruler for which there is accurate written information (through Ibn Khaldun). As a result of this the empire fell. Several alternate spellings exist, such as Congo Musa, Gongo Musa, and Kankan Musa, but they are regarded as incorrect. Historians who lived during the height and decline of the Mali Empire consistently record its standing army peaking at 100,000, with 10,000 of that number being made up of cavalry. Musa stayed in Cairo for three months, departing on 18 October[k] with the official caravan to Mecca. While in Mecca, conflict broke out between a group of Malian pilgrims and a group of Turkic pilgrims in the Masjid al-Haram. [93] Dyamani-tiguis had to be approved by the mansa and were subject to his oversight. Trade was a significant factor to the rise and success of Mali. Timbuktu was a place of trade, entertainment, and education. During his monarchy Musa or Musa, I was highly powered and the richest individual king Mansa Musa the . Numerous educational institutions recommend us, including Oxford University. The Twelve Doors of Mali were a coalition of conquered or allied territories, mostly within Manden, with sworn allegiance to Sundiata and his descendants. Mansa Musa Keita's crowning achievement was his famous pilgrimage to Mecca, which started in 1324 and concluded with his return in 1326. Ms I is widely considered the wealthiest man in history. Candice Goucher, Charles LeGuin, and Linda Walton. This is the least known period in Mali's imperial history. Masuta performs many of the same attacks as his original incarnation (though he yells a quote prior to using his abilities), but does not summon thrashing waters or create . Before Dankaran Touman and his mother could enjoy their unimpeded power, King Soumaoro set his sights on Niani forcing Dankaran to flee to Kissidougou.[60]. The reign of Mari Djata Keita II was ruinous and left the empire in bad financial shape, but the empire itself passed intact to the dead emperor's brother. He brought back with him descendants of Mohammed, Islamic scholars, and architect Abu Es Haq es Saheli, who went on to create the Djinguereber mosque. [83] He is criticized for being unfaithful to tradition, and some of the jeliw regard Musa as having wasted Mali's wealth. Robert Smith, "The Canoe in West African History", harvnb error: no target: CITEREFBourgeois1987 (, Learn how and when to remove these template messages, Learn how and when to remove this template message, Kitab al-Masalik wa al-Mamalik (Book of Highways and Kingdoms) Ab Ubayd Al-Bakri, "The Empire of Mali, In Our Time BBC Radio 4", "Tracing History in Dia, in the Inland Niger Delta of Mali -Archaeology, Oral Traditions and Written Sources". CREDITS: Chart/Narration: Matt Baker. [25] The empire also reached its highest population during the Laye period ruling over 400 cities,[26] towns and villages of various religions and elasticities. The army of the Mali Empire used of a wide variety of weapons depending largely on where the troops originated. [70] Both of these men were part of Mali's warrior elite known as the ton-ta-jon-ta-ni-woro ("sixteen carriers of quivers"). The House of Saud is ruled by the descendants of King Abdulaziz, who founded and unified Saudi Arabia in 1932. The Venetian explorer Alvise Cadamosto and Portuguese traders confirmed that the peoples of the Gambia were still subject to the mansa of Mali. According to Ibn Battuta who visited Mali in the mid-14th century, one camel load of salt sold at Walata for 810 mithqals of gold, but in Mali proper it realised 2030 ducats and sometimes even 40. Yet native sources seem to pay him little attention. The mansa could also replace a farba if he got out of control, as in the case of Diafunu. Timbuktu became a major Islamic university center during the 14th century due to Mansa Musas developments. [41] A particular challenge lies in interpreting early Arabic manuscripts, in which, without vowel markings and diacritics, foreign names can be read in numerous different ways (e.g. [95] When he passed through Cairo, historian al-Maqrizi noted "the members of his entourage proceeded to buy Turkish and Ethiopian slave girls, singing girls and garments, so that the rate of the gold dinar fell by six dirhams.". He ruled the nation for nearly 25 years until his death in 1337 and is . [15], Musa ascended to power in the early 1300s[i] under unclear circumstances. One of the five pillars of Islam states that Muslims should embark on a pilgrimage known as Hajj, to the holy city of Mecca.. [51] Musa made a major point of showing off his nation's wealth. Bukar professed his support, but believing Mahmud's situation to be hopeless, secretly went over to the Moroccans. Like the Great Mosque, a contemporaneous and grandiose structure in Timbuktu, the Hall was built of cut stone. If Dakajalan was, in fact, situated near Kangaba, this may also have contributed to their conflation, beginning with Delafosse's speculation that the latter may have begun as a suburb of the former. The family tree of Mansa Musa. [46] Updates? Three bowmen supporting one spearman was the ratio in Kaabu and the Gambia by the mid-16th century. Only sofa were equipped by the state, using bows and poisoned arrows. Mansa Musa was an important ruler of the golden age of the Malink kingdom, based on the upper Niger River in Mali, West Africa. [73], Prince Sundjata was prophesied to become a great conqueror. Musa was a Muslim, and his pilgrimage to Mecca, also known as hajj, made him well known across Northern Africa and the Middle East. Mansa Musa (Musa I of Mali) was the king of the ancient empire of Mali in West Africa. A very large number of families that make up the Mandinka community were born in Manding. A legend claims that Sunjata transformed into a hippopotamus. Last modified October 17, 2020. [70] These men had to be of the horon (freemen) caste and appear with their own arms. Mansa Mahmud Keita II came to the throne in 1481 during Mali's downward spiral. That same year, Mahmud II sent another envoy to the Portuguese proposing alliance against the Fula. The audio, illustrations, photos, and videos are credited beneath the media asset, except for promotional images, which generally link to another page that contains the media credit. Afterward, he put himself and his kingdom, West Africa's Mali, on the map, literally. The exact date of Musa's accession is debated. Mansa Musa (Musa I of Mali) was the king of the ancient empire of Mali in West Africa. [110] Meanwhile, Songhai seized the salt mines of Taghazza in 1493. Musa and his entourage arrived at the outskirts of Cairo in July 1324. [75] When the campaigning was done, his empire extended 1,000 miles (1,600km) east to west with those borders being the bends of the Senegal and Niger rivers respectively. [70], The number and frequency of conquests in the late 13th century and throughout the 14th century indicate the Kolonkan mansas inherited and/or developed a capable military. Well after his death, Mansa Musa remained engrained in the imagination of the world as a symbol of fabulous wealth. Who would native Malians have considered their greatest ruler? On the return from Takedda to Morocco, his caravan transported 600 female servants, suggesting that indentured servitude was a substantial part of the commercial activity of the empire.[134]. Answer (1 of 3): The same thing that happened to anybody else's wealth in history: it was spent, looted, donated, or otherwise distributed. A Golden Age: King Mansa Musa's Reign. Online articles in the 21st century have claimed that Mansa Musa was the richest person of all time. Musa I ( Arabic: , romanized : Mans Ms, N'Ko: ; r. c. 1312 - c. 1337 [a]) was the ninth [4] mansa of the Mali Empire, which reached its territorial peak during his reign. As founded by Mari Djata, it was composed of the "three freely allied states" of Mali, Mema and Wagadou plus the Twelve Doors of Mali.[60]. According to Musa's own account, his predecessor as Mansa of Mali, presumably Muhammad ibn Qu,[31] launched two expeditions to explore the Atlantic Ocean (200 ships for the first exploratory mission and 2,000 ships for the second). [49] It has been suggested that the name given in the Arabic sources for the capital of Mali is derived the Manding word "bambi", meaning "dais", and as such refers to the "seat of government" in general rather than being the name of a specific city. In 1307, Mansa Musa came to the throne after a series of civil wars and ruled for thirty years. Kankoro-sigui Mari Djata, who had no relation to the Keita clan, essentially ran the empire in Musa Keita II's stead. [102] The text of Ibn Khaldun says "Gao, at this time is devastated". [23] Numbered individuals reigned as mansa; the numbers indicate the order in which they reigned. What made this possible was the decentralised nature of administration throughout the state. By the time they reached Suez, many of the Malian pilgrims had died of cold, starvation, or bandit raids, and they had lost many of their supplies. Maghan Sundiata was declared "faama of faamas" and received the title "mansa", which translates as "king". Alternate titles: Kankan Ms, Mansa Musa, Mousa, Musa. [39], The identity of the capital city of the Mali Empire is a matter of dispute among historians. Gold dust was used all over the empire, but was not valued equally in all regions. [115] The breakup of the Wolof Empire allowed Mali to reassert authority over some of its former subjects on the north bank of the Gambia, such as Wuli, by 1576. [90] CelebrityNetWorth has been criticized for the unreliability of its estimates. The history of the Mandinka started in Manding region. [44] Niani's reputation as an imperial capital may derive from its importance in the late imperial period, when the Songhai Empire to the northeast pushed Mali back to the Manding heartland. The bow figured prominently in Mandinka warfare and was a symbol of military force throughout the culture. [e] After the loss of the first expedition, Muhammad led the second expedition himself. En route, he spent time in Cairo, where his lavish gift-giving is said to have noticeably affected the value of gold in Egypt and garnered the attention of the wider Muslim world. Al-Qalqashandi quotes al-'Umari as spelling it. He made a famous pilgrimage to Mecca from 1324 to 1326. The Mansa led the second expedition himself, and appointed Musa as his deputy to rule the empire until he returned. Mahmud Keita, possibly a grandchild or great-grandchild of Mansa Gao Keita, was crowned Mansa Maghan Keita III in 1390. King Mansa Musa is famous for his Hajj journey, during which he stopped off in Egypt and gave out so much gold that the Egyptian economy was ruined for years to come. The Joma area, governed from Siguiri, controlled the central region, which encompassed Niani. [77] Alternatively, it is possible that the four-year reign Ibn Khaldun credits Maghan with actually referred to his ruling Mali while Musa was away on the hajj, and he only reigned briefly in his own right. [46] Kangaba became the last refuge of the Keita royal family after the collapse of the Mali Empire, and so has for centuries been associated with Sundiata in the cultural imagination of Mande peoples. Side by side with the encouragement of trade and commerce, learning and the arts received royal patronage. He built mosques and large public buildings in cities like Gao and, most famously, Timbuktu. The mansa also made a successful hajj, kept up correspondence with Morocco and Egypt and built an earthen platform at Kangaba called the Camanbolon where he held court with provincial governors and deposited the holy books he brought back from Hedjaz. Mansa Musa (died 1337), king of the Mali empire in West Africa, is known mostly for his fabulous pilgrimage to Mecca and for his promotion of unity and prosperity within Mali. Mansa Fadima Musa Keita, or Mansa Musa Keita II, began the process of reversing his brother's excesses. Mansa Musa brought architects and scholars from across the Islamic world into his kingdom, and the reputation of the Mali kingdom grew. Mansa Mahmud Keita II's rule was characterised by more losses to Mali's old possessions and increased contact between Mali and Portuguese explorers along the coast. He is the resurrected spirit of Masuta the Ascended, the second boss in the first elite dungeon, Temple of Aminishi . Mansa Ms probably died in 1332. Web. Stories of his fabulous wealth even reached Europe. Mansa Musa ruled over the Mali empire in the 14th Century, and his incredible access to gold made him arguably . [56], In the 1960s, archaeological work at Niani village, reputed to be the capital of the Mali Empire, by Polish and Guinean archaeologists revealed the remains of a substantial town dating back as far as the 6th century. [92] Furthermore, it is difficult to meaningfully compare the wealth of historical figures such as Mansa Musa, due to the difficulty of separating the personal wealth of a monarch from the wealth of the state and the difficulty of comparing wealth in highly different societies.

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