In the 19thh century, too, Afro-Brazilians returned to Benin and Nigeria with Catholicism. Do you have a 2:1 degree or higher? 1 (1971): 103-115. Prior to the arrival of Europeans in the 15th century, informal education existed in Ghana with the goal of introducing young people into the society. The Roman Catholic Sisters provided medical care in the Upper and Northern Regions of the country before the government started to provide hospitals and clinics in the regional and district headquarters. Prior to the advent of western education, Ghana's traditional social structures had inbuilt opportunities for mobility. Let's look in-depth into these scholarships. As happened in other territories, the Christian missionaries did not confine their work to the spread of the gospel alone. They were followed by other major missionary bodies, including the Methodists and the Roman Catholics. Apart from giving to the converts a new religious faith which they consider is superior to the traditional religions, the Christian missionaries did pioneering work in introducing new crafts, industries, Western education and modern health services. During the first half of the 19th century they targeted healthier places, with relatively lower malaria-risk, where European missionaries could survive and train local African missionaries and teachers (Jedwab et al. In 1880, two Roman Catholic priests of the Society of African Missions (S.M.A. Predominantly Muslim territory, the North received western education later than the South. Cultural deprivation is what many of us suffer from []. DISCLOSURE. By using postcolonial theory as a framework for analysis, it is evident that the Western formal education introduced to the people of the Gold Coast by the Christian missionaries and the British Colonial government did not serve the indigenous population well. On the opposite side, the coming of the Christian missionaries brought in its wake certain negative developments like disregard for African culture and rebellion against traditional authority. African Drama The first missionaries to come to Ghana were the Roman Catholic missionaries in the 15th century and the Anglican missionaries. The Church had its strongest hold in the Senegambia area. How to Get Involved in Church Missions: The Ultimate Guide, 16 Causes of Crime Essay (with Solutions), Justify the Title of the Novel Second Class Citizen, The Role of Ghana in the Formation of the OAU, Economic Developments in Ghana Before Independence, 11 Causes of the Rise of Nationalism in Africa, Importance of the Odwira Festival in Ghana. Before 1925, there were only three secondary schools and three teacher training colleges in Ghana. Thus missionaries, by imparting education that promoted dependence on colonial rule, arguably contributed to the political instability that continues in the present day in many former African colonies, such as Kenya and Eritrea. Another reason why the Europeans came to spread the Christian religion in Ghana was to pave their own way into eternal glory. Notably among these missionaries are the Wesleyan, Basel, and Bremen. This special relationship continued until 1960 when Fourah Bay became a college of the newly reconstituted University of Sierra Leone; the other constituent college located at Njala developed from a training college founded in 1920. By focusing on the African demand for education, I showed that Africans were not just passive recipients of mission schooling. Being able to speak and write in the colonisers language was considered a privilege. Series CLR. For instance, in Ghana, it was in 1858 that Rev. The missionaries opened schools further inland, and by 1880, the Wesleyan Mission had eighty -three schools. Listen as we explore missions, theology, and practice to help senders and goers alike. 503 0 obj <> endobj The Journal of Negro Education (JNE), a refereed scholarly periodical, was founded at Howard University in 1932 to fill the need for a scholarly journal that would identify and define the problems that characterized the education of Black people in the United States and elsewhere, provide a forum for analysis and solutions, and serve as a vehicle for sharing statistics and research on a national basis. The Christian missionaries of different missionary societies made a tremendous contribution to education in South Africa. An attempt to respond to this question informs the underlying interest for this paper, namely, to explore the extent to which these institutions, especially . English grammar For the West Africans, the acceptance of Christianity meant the total rejection of most of the cherished institutions upon which their society rested. In fact in 1966, Father Burke led students to a victory in a national educational contest called the Ghana TV Cup. For instance, in Nigeria, one of the first groups of missionaries to introduce organised medical services were the Roman Catholics. The churches opened primary schools both in the capital and in the rural communities. However, the discovery of quinine and other curative medicines in the late 19th century made the history of the missionary work in West Africa a different thing altogether. To export a reference to this article please select a referencing stye below: If you are the original writer of this essay and no longer wish to have your work published on UKEssays.com then please: Our academic writing and marking services can help you! As an institution introduced by agents with radically different values, the Christian religion damaged the culture and traditional beliefs of the people of West Africa. Among these were the Congregation of the Holy Ghost (commonly known as the Holy Ghost Father), the Society of African Missions (SMA), the Society of Missionaries of Africa, popularly known as the White Fathers because of the white Muslim-like clothing which the Fathers wore, and the society of the Divine Word (SVD, abbreviated from its Latin name). Perhaps the greatest service of the missionaries was the promotion of western education and the development of vernacular literature. They also introduced vocational education in the country. Human Zoos: Untold History of Suppression, The Legend of King Ulu (Ancient Thai Folklore), The Kingdom of Saud of The Arabs (Saudi Arabia), The Wesley Brothers of Oxford University (1700s), Razia Sultan of Medieval India (786 Years Ago), The Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade (The Revelation), Education in Africa: The Impact of Colonialism, Why The Legendary Geneva Bible was Banned. First, I looked at how educational outcomes depended on the distance to historical missions. personal development This comes at no extra cost to you. House, 1967. The Ghana Education Decentralization Project (GEDP), launched in 2010 and ended in 2012, has increased the influence of local authorities over management . In an ironic twist, the more Africans became versed in the Bible, the more they began to challenge missionaries. For instance, the Basel Mission established Basel Mission Trading Company (UTC) in 1859. The early Christian missions concentrated their activities not only on religious matters. In conclusion, the converts tended to look down upon many things in their ancestral culture. better grades The History of Christianity in West Africa. The Methodists, known as the Wesleyan Missionaries (after their founder), arrived in Freetown in 1811. Some of the positive development outcomes of former British colonies are arguably the result of a permissive attitude towards mission schools. The contents of this tutorial will serve as a guide for a suitable essay on the below WAEC/WASSCE History past question. The high temperatures coupled with high rainfall patterns in some parts of the country experienced during the daytime, made the missionaries stay indoors, which slowed down their activities. 2023 Society of the Divine Word. Following ordination, he was sent to Washington, D.C., and the Catholic University of America, where he earned a masters degree in English literature. Another important missionary doctor was J. R. Stephen who for many years headed a missionary hospital at Ilesha. Within ten years the C.M.S had opened twelve more schools in what is today Cross Rivers State. We must not lose sight of the fact that the colonial government in Ghana and elsewhere in Africa relied on the activities of the missionaries to help them achieve the objectives of colonial rule. This hymn sums up the reasons why the Christian missionaries came to Africa and other parts of the world. The governor had observed the bad moral life of the Europeans in the fort. Renewed evangelisation started when the Basel (later known as Presbyterian) missionaries started work at Osu (Accra). James Fieldhouse, produced a Wolof Grammar in 1876. Like the Methodists, the Roman Catholic missionaries spread the faith notably in the interior, which later became Protectorate. Often drumming and the harmless songs and dances of the people were condemned. First, alignment can help you communicate your . Instead of needing to import skilled workers such as carpenters, the mission schools provided colonial governments with workers capable of building and maintaining the colonys infrastructure and basic technology, a contribution that kept the colonies running smoothly. Brief History. Johannes Zimmermann, for example, produced a Ga dictionary, Ga bible and grammar book. Please read our privacy policy to find out more. Soon after, in 1835 they moved up to Akropon on the hills in Akuapem, where the pioneer missionary the Rev. This study simply offers systematic, long-term evidence of it. This box contains: the correspondence of Bishop See thematic groupings of our digital collections, See all of our digital collections in one place, Ghana in Records from Colonial Missionaries, 1886-1951, Copies of letters received, 1890-1927; West Africa, vol. independent learning Among several others, the native Bishop Ajayi Crowther produced the first translation of the Bible in Yoruba. As we help existing churches become healthy through theological education, discipleship, pastoral training, and leadership development, we desire to see church-planting efforts within the local church soon follow. Therefore, considering that the impact of mission education continues to have serious repercussions today, one must question whether the First World should continue to interfere in African education. Yet, the relationship between European missionaries and African populations had some contradictions. Among his pioneering achievements, he arranged for three youths to be sent to England for training as evangelists. 4>Ofv}TMdQ! Europe in those days looked upon Africa as the Dark Continent with very primitive civilizations, and most Europeans refused to adapt their religion to suit the local situation. Last, missionaries provided a very poor education, causing their students to be ill-equipped for social or material success, as they believed education to simply be a means for proselytization, were unqualified teachers, and allowed inter-denominational rivalries to interfere. The blessings which Christianity has brought to West Africa are many. Furthermore, each denomination had differing policies on education, so standards in education fluctuated across each colony, depending on what denomination had schools in each area. 1991. Call: +233558280780, Your email address will not be published. Roman Catholic and Anglican missionaries came to the Gold Coast from the 15th century. Another negative impact of mission education was that it weakened traditional societies, which in many ways further served the colonial cause. Thomas Thompson, arrived in Cape Coast in 1752. In traditionally monogamous societies, primary school completion increased by about eight percent, but only four percent in polygamous societies. African prose Hilliard, F.H., 1957. Andrew Jackson Foster (1925-1987) was an American pioneer of deaf education in several countries in Africa. Many missionaries died because of the climate and tropical disease. Christianity reborn: the global expansion of evangelicalism in the twentieth century. Edward Berman notes that contemporary critics of the missionaries felt that missionaries were more interested in increasing enrolments in their respective churches than in pooling their resources for the benefit of African education (Berman 1974:533). In Sierra Leone, among the earliest higher institutions which the C.M.S. As Ayandele points out (1966:285), the ideal of many of the missions was to make their converts live literally as the unlearned and ignorant apostles of old. This ideal, combined with the fact that many missionaries discovered that Africans with only basic education were best at spreading the Gospel, meant that missionaries were reluctant to provide higher primary or secondary education (Ayandele 1966:286). A large body of studies show that missionaries had a lasting impact beyond their early years. In addition, the contributions of celebrity missionaries, such as Christian Schwartz, William Carey, Alexander Duff, and James . Moreover, it was not in the colonial powers interest for the natives to become too educated, as they might become self-reliant and could conceivably demand independence from the colonial power, so encouraging the less intellectual agricultural schools was in the governments interest. His request to the Danish Crown for missionaries was forwarded to . Properly meant by Anglo-Saxon standards. Burns & Oates, 1979. Here you can choose which regional hub you wish to view, providing you with the most relevant information we have for your specific region. All rights reserved. Find below a list of mission schools that still exist in Ghana today. Their arrival in South Africa was aimed particularly at spreading the Word of God. The European missionaries believed that European culture was superior to African culture. This Western education imparted to the Ameru by the Church of Scotland Missionaries, Consolata . For example, they made our people view polygamy and puberty rites as pagan practices. Furthermore, missionaries, believing in the civilizing mission, attempted to disintegrate traditional society through education by choosing academic subjects, such as the histories of the Western colonial powers, that illustrated the superiority of the Western culture, as well as by teaching about the superiority of the West in non-academic matters such as hygiene. Although it can be said that Christian missionaries benefitted Africans by bringing in the more advanced Western education to the European colonies in Africa, it is believed that the mission schools in fact had a negative impact on the native peoples. At the time of its inception, however, there was no publication that systematically or comprehensively addressed the enormous problems that characterized the education of Blacks in the United States and elsewhere. Economics The restrictions intensified until in the second week of 1917, when all German missionaries were rounded up, brought to Accra and deportations began on December 16. famous poems The mission schools trained Africans to be able to work as translators, messengers and office clerks for the colonial government. It was not until 1909 that the government opened a teacher training college and a technical school in Accra. The Scottish Missionary Society had been working in Calabar, Nigeria, also a British colony adjacent to the Gold Coast and it was from the Calabar Presbyterian Church in Nigeria that a missionary was sent to take charge of the Presbyterian work in the Gold Coast after the deportations. Etherington, Norman. It is interesting to note that this project is not a new concept. In addition to studying the impact of these struggles on education, we also need to understand how they influenced gender inequality. In the later 19th century, the immense African interior remained the principal object of the Catholic Priests, and from 1867 until his death in November 1892 Cardinal Lavigerie planned the planting of churches in Africa South of the Sahara. Box 6000, Techny, IL 60082-6000. As founder and director at CEGAST, he has successfully coached thousands of students in English, Literature, and related subjects for major international examinations. Also the missionaries set up model farms where scientific agriculture was taught and new crops were introduced for the people, to go alongside longstanding indigenous production. Johann Christaller produced a similar work in Twi. The original letters from abroad cover West Africa from 1899 to 1933. Among the Christian missionaries that came to the Gold Coast (Ghana) were the following. Ramseyer had at first not intended a missionary sojourn in Ashanti. faceless characters others adopted a system of education varied from one and the other hence, lacking consistency in the educational sector [3]. Father Tetteh also took note of Father Burkes humility and devotion to his students. Vol. Hastings, Adrian. missionaries was the development of literature in Yoruba. The Basel and Methodist Missions, for example, introduced scientific agriculture in Ghana.
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