Pereira PS, Oliveira CVB, Maia AJ, Vega-Gomez MC, Roln M, Coronel C, Duarte AE, Coutinho HDM, Siyadatpanah A, Norouzi R, Sadati SJA, Wilairatana P, Silva TG. Wiley, Chichester, pp 1081510837, Jirovetz L, Buchbauer G, Denkova Z, Stoyanova A, Murgov I, Schmidt E, Geissler M (2006) Antimicrobial testings and gas chromatographic analysis of pure oxygenated monoterpenes 1,8-cineole, -terpineol, terpinen-4-ol and camphor as well as target compounds in essential oils of pine (Pinus pinaster), rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) and tea tree (Melalaeuca alternifolia). Mller GC, Junnila A, Kravchenko VD, Revay EE, Butler J, Orlova OB, Weiss RW, Schlein Y. J Am Mosq Control Assoc. Our team aims to be not only thorough with its research, but also objective and unbiased. It should not be used if you are pregnant or nursing. Newer Post. In addition, the molecular ion of nerol (m/z=154) and citronellol (m/z=156) were extracted from the total-ion count peak corresponding to citronellol detected in the BY4741 culture where geraniol was added (Figure S3). Void Where Prohibited by Law. These bacteria can make you sick and may even cause death in severe cases when left untreated. In: Meyers RA (ed) Encyclopedia of analytical chemistry. Bookshelf Epub 2023 Jan 11. The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). Y.O. Proven to have strong antifungal and antibacterial properties, citronella oil can be used to help clean your kitchen, bathroom or household surfaces without the need for harsh chemicals. contributed analysis tool settings. Geraniol may also have the ability to make it harder for cancer cells to become resistant to anticancer drugs. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal Aharoni, A., Giri, A.P., Deuerlein, S., Griepink, F., de Kogel, W.-J., Verstappen, F.W.A. If you're worried about creating or using a harmful fly or mosquito repellent, check this out: Geraniol candles repelled mosquitoes and sandflies five times more effectively than citronella candles and two times more effectively than linalool candles. Terpenoids were extracted by sonication once with 25 mL dichloromethane for 10 min and twice with 15 mL dichloromethane for 10 min each. Host-Guest Inclusion Complexes of Natural Products and Nanosystems: Applications in the Development of Repellents. Among the 5 monoterpene alcohols described above, geraniol is considered to be more cultivar-specific than linalool. 2016 Dec;11(12):1775-1782. Nat Prod Res. J Am Acad Dermatol 58:865871, Article Time courses of substrate consumption and product formation in yeast cultures. Learn more about Institutional subscriptions, Beneti SC, Rosset E, Corazza ML, Frizzo CD, Luccio MD, Oliveira JV (2011) Fractionation of citronella (Cymbopogon winterianus) essential oil and concentrated orange oil phase by batch vacuum distillation. Department of Biotechnology, BIT, Mesra, Ranchi, 835215, Jharkhand, India, Aakanksha Wany,Ashutosh Kumar,Vinod K. Nigam&Dev Mani Pandey, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, BIT, Mesra, Ranchi, 835215, Jharkhand, India, Bruker Daltonics Pvt. All three of these compounds are articles of commerce as fragrance ingredients used by the perfume industry. A 2000 review published in the Journal of Agricultural Food Chemistry studied 34 different citrus essential oils and their components for radical-scavenging activities. But it also acts as an antimicrobial agent to destroy bacteria and fungi harmful to our health! Our team includes licensed nutritionists and dietitians, certified health education specialists, as well as certified strength and conditioning specialists, personal trainers and corrective exercise specialists. Outdoors, citronella diffusers placed 6 m from mosquito traps repelled female mosquitoes by 22%, linalool repelled females by 58%, and geraniol repelled females by 75%. Hydrolysis of the phosphate groups leads to the prototypical acyclic monoterpenoid geraniol. PubMedGoogle Scholar. Therefore, kinetic analyses of the recombinant Adh4p toward geraniol and nerol need to be further performed to confirm whether or not it is responsible for the primary oxidation step of geraniol. Average percent yield in the manual extraction and hydro-distillation procedure was 0.8 and 1% respectively, which was better as compared to steam distilled oil (0.7%). Figure 3 shows the results of their catalytic activity. We determined the degree of personal protection provided by citronella, linalool, and geraniol in the form of commercially available candles or diffusers, both indoors and outdoors. The concentrations of citronellic acid with nerol and citral were lower than that with geraniol. Its mainly used topically so speak with your doctor before using it internally. Anecdotal evidence suggests allergic contact dermatitis, or sensitive human skin irritation, may be a side effect of topical geraniol use (15). Liu H, Cheng Y, Wang X, Francis F, Wang Q, Liu X, Zhang Y, Chen J. Insects. From the result of addition of potential substrates for biosyntheses of geranic acid and citronellic acid to BY4741 culture, it was concluded that geranic acid and citronellic acid could be converted from citral and citronellal in the yeast, respectively. Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. Tisgratog R, Sanguanpong U, Grieco JP, Ngoen-Kluan R, Chareonviriyaphap T. Acta Trop. The reaction mixture was cooled down to room temperature, and 1 mL of water containing 0.9% (w/v) NaCl was added. Candida can contribute to many skin concerns, such as nail infections. Its most commonly used as a natural fragrant oil, in insect repellents, as well as in beauty, household and perfume products. Evaluation of the In Vitro Antiparasitic Effect of the Essential Oil of. This effect on the CNS was also reported in citronellal-treated mice. For the asymmetric isomerization of geranyl- or neryldiethylamine ((E)- or (Z)-1, resp.) PMC Search for other works by this author on: Terpenoids and their role in wine flavour: recent advances, Olfactory impact of higher alcohols on red wine fruity ester aroma expression in model solution, The molecular biology of fruity and floral aromas in beer and other alcoholic beverages, Biotransformation of monoterpene alcohols by, Biotransformation of hop aroma terpenoids by ale and lager yeasts, Linoleic acid, -linolenic acid, and monolinolenins as antibacterial substances in the heat-processed soybean fermented with, Influence of wine fermentation temperature on the synthesis of yeast-derived volatile aroma compounds, Identification and characterization of geranic acid as a unique flavor compound of hops (, Structural determinants of odorant recognition by the human olfactory receptors OR1A1 and OR1A2, Contributions of select hopping regimes to the terpenoid content and hop aroma profile of ale and lager beers, Genetic analysis of geraniol metabolism during fermentation, The contribution of geraniol metabolism to the citrus flavour of beer: synergy of geraniol and -citronellol under coexistence with excess linalool, Biotransformation of hop-derived monoterpene alcohols by lager yeast and their contribution to the flavor of hopped beer, Geraniol biotransformation-pathway in spores of, Molecular structure and genetic regulation of SFA, a gene responsible for resistance to formaldehyde in, Multiple forms of mitochondrial alcohol dehydrogenase in. (2019) SignalP 5.0 improves signal peptide predictions using deep neural networks. Adh4p is seemingly more specific to the primary alcohols such as ethanol and n-propanol, whereas isomers of aliphatic alcohols, secondary alcohols, and glycerol are not used (De Smidt, Du Preez and Albertyn 2008). This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution. When geraniol was added to the medium without S. cerevisiae inoculation, linalool was also detected at a higher concentration rather than that in BY4741 culture (Figure1a and b). Plant Physiol. The biotransformation study of monoterpene alcohols during fermentation of hopped beer using various hop cultivars has revealed that the concentrations of geraniol and citronellol in finished beer increase, depending on the initial concentration of geraniol in the wort (Takoi etal. Learn how ACS can help you stay ahead in the world of chemistry. In the field of beer investigation, it is well known that terpenoids in finished beers are mainly derived from hops (Takoi etal. 8600 Rockville Pike It is the primary component of citronella oil and is a primary component of rose oil, palmarosa oil. In the preliminary study, we have found that citronellal in the distillate with concentration of more than 90% was mixed with other components, mainly citronellol and geraniol. Stay up to date on the latest product releases, special offers & news by signing up for our newsletter. Google Scholar, Coates J (2000) Interpretation of infrared spectra: a practical approach. (Poaceae). Of citronellas active ingredients, the three that are most researched and valued include citronellol, citronellal and geraniol. In this study, we focused on geraniol and nerol as the substrates of terpenoid biosynthesis and tried to clarify whether or not conversions of geraniol and nerol to terpenoids other than citronellol, linalool, and -terpineol take place under the catalysis of S. cerevisiae enzymes. Studies on essential oil from rose-scented geranium. With these potent properties, is citronella oil harmful to humans? The highest peak corresponding to nerol was detected in the chromatogram of extract from BY4741 culture, in which nerol was added as a substrate (Figure1c). Chemical building blocks called isoprenes make up terpenes, and geraniol is whats called an acyclic monoterpene alcohol. In another viewpoint, geranic acid has very unique characteristics that functions as an aromatic enhancer for hop-derived terpenoids at subthreshold levels (Sanekata, et al. Vib Spectrosc 39:249256, Setiawati W, Murtinigsih R, Hasyim A (2011) Laboratory and field evaluation of essential oils from Cymbopogon nardus as oviposition deterrent and ovicidal activities against Helicoverpa armigera Hubneron chilli pepper. The Protein Journal, 36(5), 425-432. But it does mean supplementation with food containing the terpene can help reduce symptoms related to your bodys inflammatory response system. 2013), is dominantly converted to citronellol or citronellic acid. Geraniol terpenes are popular for their sweet, floral, and citrusy notesas well as their calming effects. In addition to keeping away bugs, it also helps kill bacteria and nourish your skin, and unlike conventional brands, it smells amazing! Furthermore, the repellents tested were more active when in the form of a continuous release diffuser than in candle form. Wiesenfeld M, Schimpfessel L, Crokaert R. Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. In fact, free radicals are associated with cancer, Parkinsons disease, Alzheimers disease, and more. Extraction and characterization of essential oil components based on geraniol and citronellol from Java citronella (Cymbopogon winterianus Jowitt). These were all isolated using fractional vacuum distillation and identified using GC-MS. Citronellal, citronellol, and geraniol were identified at 13.6 min, 16.6 min, and 18.2 min, respectively. Effects of deletion of alcohol dehydrogenase gene on concentrations of geranic acid, citronellic acid, and citronellol produced and a concentration of residual geraniol. So if you give your loved one perfume instead of roses for Valentines Day, she or he will likely get a whiff of one of them. The structures are listed below This problem has been solved! Schmiedeberg K, Shirokova E, Weber H-P et al. The media used were YPD medium (glucose, 20 g/L; polypepton, 20 g/L; yeast extract, 10 g/L) and minimal medium (maltose, 2 g/L; Leu/Trp/Ura DO supplement (Takara Bio, Shiga, Japan), 0.62 g/L; uracil, 0.2 g/L; leucine, 1 g/L; yeast nitrogen base (Becton Dickinson Japan, Tokyo), 1.7 g/L; ammonium sulfate, 5 g/L). The molecule can be notable for its current or historical importance or for any quirky reason. See Answer Rank the components of spearmint oil: limonene, carvone, and dihydrocarveol in order of increasing polarity (state the least polar compound first). Additional rearrangements and oxidations provide compounds such as citral, citronellal, citronellol, linalool, and many others. Whats even more amazing is the effect that geraniol may have on tumors. azeotropic system. It has low solubility in water, but it is soluble in common organic solvents. Google Scholar, Catharino RR, Haddad R, Cabrini LG, Cunha IBS, Sawaya ACHF, Eberlin MN (2005) Characterization of vegetable oils by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry fingerprinting: classification, quality, adulteration, and aging. Sfa1p has 2 functions as a long-chain alcohol dehydrogenation enzyme and a formaldehyde dehydrogenation enzyme (Weimer, Rao and Brendel 1993). To use citronella oil topically, always dilute it in a 1:1 ration with a carrier oil, such as coconut oil. Google Scholar, Blanco MM, Costa CARA, Freire AO, Santos JG Jr, Costa M (2007) Neurobehavioral effect of essential oil of Cymbopogon citratus in mice. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10725-013-9875-7, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10725-013-9875-7. Trap catches were significantly reduced again when diffusers were placed 3 m from the traps. For over 2000 years, balm (Melissa officinalis L.) has been used as a sweetening herb. Accessibility Helium (>99.99995%) was used as a carrier gas at a flow rate of 1.2 mL/min, and thermal conditions were set at 250C for a sample injection port and 230C for a MS ion source. 1. . The minimal media with or without yeast inoculation were incubated at 20C with orbital shaking. When nerol was added to BY4741 culture, linalool, citronellol, geranic acid, and citronellic acid were detected (Figure1c). So having lots of free radicals is NOT a good thing. The higher concentrations of citronellol and the lower concentrations of geranic acid and citronellic acid were detected in the adh4 and adh6 strains, compared to those in BY4741 (Figure6a). The catalytic behaviour of the samples is compared in the liquid phase hydrogenation of citral. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative, Over 10 million scientific documents at your fingertips, Not logged in Conversion of monoterpene alcohols in BY4741 culture or the medium incubation without S. cerevisiae inoculation for 10 d was examined. GluER, gave (S)-citronellal from geraniol with 95.3% conversion and 99.2% ee. Geraniol candles can be 5x more effective than citronella candles at repelling insects. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help Growth in YPD medium was also suppressed in the adh3 strain (Figure S4). Geraniol, linalool, nerol, citral, citronellic acid (Tokyo Chemical Industry, Tokyo, Japan), citronellol (Fujifilm Wako Pure Chemical, Osaka, Japan), citronellal, and geranic acid (Sigma-Aldrich Japan, Tokyo) were used as reagent-grade chemicals. On the other hand, it has been reported in plants (Sanekata etal. Its structure is similar to that of nerol, also a rose scent ingredient. It acts as an effective antimicrobial and antibacterial. Companies also use it in small quantities to enhance flavors like lemon, grapefruit, lime, and orange. The repellency of geraniol candles was 50% while the diffusers provided a repellency rate of 97%. On the other hand, growth and ethanol production were not decreased in the adh4 strain (Figure S4). Geraniol is monoterpene alcohol that is a main ingredient of rose oil; it also is present in many other essential oils. The BASF menthol process utilizes (+)- (R)- citronellal which can be produced from either geraniol or nerol by chiral catalytic hydrogenation to (+)- (R)-citronellol (Ref. Reactions: Chemistry Science Videos & Infographics Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Citral is an acyclic monoterpene aldehyde, and being a monoterpene, it is made of two isoprene units. Note that the numbers in parentheses (1, 2, etc.) Basically, the less free radicals you subject your body to, the less likely you are to develop certain cancers and diseases. Interestingly, geraniol is also produced by honeybees to mark nectar-bearing flowers and to locate the entrances to their hives. The use of emulsifiers and surfactants is It was first isolated by O. Jacobsen in 1871. That means its a natural nontoxic mode of action against potentially harmful insects like mosquitoes. In fact, research has shown that citronella essential oil seems to activate both parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous activity, which is beneficial for management of anxiety. Some chemical and chemotaxonomic applications. Lindsay LR, Surgeoner GA, Heal JD, Gallivan GJ. Google Scholar, Cassel E, Vargas RMF (2006) Experiments and modelling of the Cymbopogon winterianus essential oil extraction by steam distillation. Nerol showed no activation of PPAR and (Fig. This was one of three molecules for this week. Indoor protection against mosquito and sand fly bites: a comparison between citronella, linalool, and geraniol candles. geraniol in contrast showed 1.8- and 1.7-fold activation of PPAR mat 400 M (Fig. 2020 Jan 1;71(1):258-271. doi: 10.1093/jxb/erz397. in essential . and I.M. Biochem Syst Ecol 33:171186, Lehri A, Barthwal J, Niranjan A, Amla DV (2011) Development and validation of HPTLC densitometric method for identification and quantification of geraniol in palmarosa oil. Whether you have sensitive skin or not, youll want to read the instructions that come with our isolates to make sure youre using it correctly. Aside from its use as a flavor and an aroma, scientific literature suggests geraniol has many therapeutic uses. conceived and designed the analysis, and wrote the paper. The molecular ion corresponding to nerol was much lower than that corresponding to citronellol, suggesting nonenzymatic conversion of geraniol to nerol in the BY4741 culture, as observed in the chromatogram of extracts from the geraniol-added medium (Figure1b). Note that the numbers in parentheses (1, 2, etc.) Citronellol exists in nature as two enantiomers, designated (+) and (). The United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) recognizes geraniol as safe for human consumption when used appropriately (17), and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) exempts it from registration when used as a pesticide or insecticide-unlike chemicals. Its sweet, floral, and citrusy notes work well in perfumes and creams. Tinh du Bch n chanh cha nhiu: citronellal, citronellol, geraniol, isopulegol. Geraniol (closed circle), citronellol (open circle), geranic acid (open triangle), and citronellic acid (open square) concentrations were shown in BY4741 (a) and NCYC 1681 (b) cultures. The (+)-isomer is more common and takes its name from citronella oils. You can also inhale the oil directly by sniffing it. Drugs and Lactation Database (LactMed) [Internet]. Is citronella oil poisonous to cats? Terpenoids were dissolved in ethanol and then added to the minimal medium at a concentration of 100 g/mL. Flows of enzymatic conversions and nonenzymatic conversions were shown by solid and broken arrows, respectively. Electronegativities are used to determine the polarity of covalent bonds. [0003] However, since fragrances are usually poorly water-soluble or insoluble compounds it is often difficult to perfuming the products. National Center for Biotechnology Information. 3 2 8 co 6 2 OH 8 6 Geraniol Citronellal Explain the types of stereoisomerism shown by geraniol and citronellal In your answer refer to the numbered carbon atoms in the structures above draw diagrams clearly showing any stereoisomers. According to the ASPCA, research has shown that a citronella collar can be at least as effective for eliminating barking as an electronic collar, and its typically viewed more positively by dog owners. Iijima M, Kenmoku H, Takahashi H, Lee JB, Toyota M, Asakawa Y, Kurosaki F, Taura F. Nat Prod Commun. Holt S, Miks MH, de Carvalho BT et al. We use geraniol as a common additive to food and cosmetics for its full flavor and sweet rose aroma. with moderately high content of isomenthone in its essential oil. Epub 2011 Apr 11. According to various studies investigating the effects of these compounds, citronella oil has been shown to have the following health-promoting effects: Today, there are more than 30 species of Cymbopogon (citronella plants) grown wildly throughout parts of the world and used in Southeast Asian cooking and teas. Research published in theIsrael Medical Association Journalalso shows that citronella works to help prevent head lice, too. Studies have shown that geraniol can fight inflammatory responses in the body. Additionally, studies have found that it it can be used in mouthwashes to kill harmful bacteria in the mouth, and it has a lower cytotoxic effect and higher action compared to some other commercial solutions. Terpenoids, which are composed of two C5-isoprene units and widely found in plants, are important aromatic components in wine (Black etal. As the peaks of geranic acid and citronellic acid were detected as broad peaks, the quantification of these monoterpene carboxylic acids was performed after methyl esterification. Technical Divisions This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease. Without passing through citronellol, citronellic acid may be converted from geraniol/nerol through sequential conversions to geranial/neral and citronellal. -Damascenone is different: It belongs to a family of unsaturated ketones known as rose ketones. This is why there are anti-barking collars that contain citronella. These statements have not been evaluated by the FDA. What is citronella? This means it effectively expels parasitic wormsand other internal parasites by either stunning or killing them without causing any damage to the host. You know what geraniums are (and if you dont, go check your mothers garden). Although geranic acid and citronellic acid were detected in the chromatogram of geraniol-added medium, their peaks were much smaller than those detected in geraniol-added BY4741 culture (Figure1a and b). Some studies have reported geraniol effects on the central nervous system in invertebrates and vertebrates, like neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective and antidepressant effects. volume73,pages 133145 (2014)Cite this article. To access the key intermediate (R)-citronellal used in current major industrial production routes, we established a one-pot bienzymatic cascade from inexpensive geraniol, overcoming the problematic biocatalytic reduction of the mixture of (E/Z)-isomers in citral by harnessing a . You may find the smell relaxes you for meditative moments when used in aromatherapy. Considering the substrate specificities of Adh1p, Adh3p, and Sfa1p reported in the literatures and the growth restriction in YPD medium, the decrease in geraniol consumption observed in these deletion strains may be a side effect of the gene deletions in metabolisms or due to a smaller number of the catalyst in yeast culture. One of the most popular uses for citronella oil is cleansing and conditioning the hair and scalp. It can help eliminate excess oil and greasiness of hair while adding shine. a, linalool; b, citronellol; c, geraniol; d, citronellic acid; e, geranic acid; f, nerol. Temperature of column oven was kept at 50C for 3 min, raised to 150C at 6C/min, and held at 150C for 5 min. First, geraniol was added to BY4741 culture. Many aroma compounds have been characterized in various kinds of alcoholic beverages. 93,94 The first plant P450 to be cloned . J Mex Chem Soc 50:126129, CAS J Exp Bot. This product should be used only as directed on the label. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the In other words, the less polar compounds in a mixture will elute first. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10725-013-9875-7, Electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry, High performance thin layer chromatography. Under the uniform conditions of the experiments, all substances repelled significantly more mosquitoes than the unprotected control. When inhaled, it can encourage relaxation, invigoration and pleasant memories, and it may even reduce trouble sleeping and depression. Kongkaew C, Sakunrag I, Chaiyakunapruk N, Tawatsin A. Trop Med Int Health. Citronella grass essential oil from Selangor -Malaysia composed of 18.83% geraniol, 12.92% citronellol and 33.66% citronellal [13]. 2007). A 2015 report published in Rural Remote Health states, The topical application of citronella oil can be employed as an easily-available, affordable and effective alternative mosquito repellent to prevent mosquito-borne diseases in rural areas such as Tikapur, Nepal.. Always look for one that is 100 percent pure, organic and therapeutic-grade that was created with chemical-free CO2 extraction methods. UGC, New Delhi, India is gratefully acknowledged for providing financial support to Ms. Aakanksha Wany (F1-17.1/2012-13/MANF-2012-13-CHR-CHH-9539) as JRF. What is citronella good for? (1999) Incorporation of 1- 1-C-13 deoxy-D-xylulose in chamomile sesquiterpenes. Geraniol is a monoterpenoid and an alcohol. Studies suggest geraniol protects against the harmful fungus Candida albicans (7) which causes yeast infections and thrush. RSC Adv. (2003) Terpenoid metabolism in wild-type and transgenic Arabidopsis plants. In these gene-deficient strains, therefore, cells might be maintained in more reductive redox state in the absence of Adh4p or Adh6p. The analysis of all extracted oil samples by means of electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) in the positive ion mode showed rapid mass fingerprints of constituents present in the samples according to the observed mass of standards. FOIA In both cultures, citronellol increased within 8 d and then decreased after 10 d, and geranic acid and citronellic acid were almost not produced within 2-d cultivation. Wiley, pp 147156, Nigam MC, Nigam IC, Levi L (1965) Essential oils and their constituents XXV thin layer chromatography. Whats even more amazing is the effect that geraniol may have on tumors. Citronella essential oil has also specifically been shown to kill off candida fungus. 8600 Rockville Pike Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited. Yuka Ohashi, Shuai Huang, Isamu Maeda, Biosyntheses of geranic acid and citronellic acid from monoterpene alcohols by Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry, Volume 85, Issue 6, June 2021, Pages 15301535, https://doi.org/10.1093/bbb/zbab039. In this post, well answer your questions about this powerful terpene, including its uses, benefits, and potential side effects. 2013) has been demonstrated in Saccharomyces cerevisiae under laboratory conditions, even though geraniol originates from plant materials. Chemical Diversity and Anti-Insect Activity Evaluation of Essential Oils Extracted from Five. This is precisely the reason that citronella is used to prevent both internal and external infections and why it can play a central role in a parasite cleanse. Accessibility National Library of Medicine. What insects does citronella oil repel? It has been also shown that nerol is converted to linalool and -terpineol and linalool is also converted to -terpineol (King and Dickinson 2000, 2003). The major components of citronella oil were citronellal (31.63%), citronellol (17.62%) and geraniol (10.92%). From these results, the enzymatic conversions of geraniol to citronellol, geranic acid, and citronellic acid were focused (Figure2). 2018). A major source of these compounds is the essential oil of rose-scented geraniums of the genus Pelargonium.
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