"[152] Julius Ruiz concludes that "although the figures remain disputed, a minimum of 37,843 executions were carried out in the Republican zone with a maximum of 150,000 executions (including 50,000 after the war) in Nationalist Spain."[153]. The General Military Academy was dissolved, and Franco was placed on the inactive list. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. "[173] According to the personal recollection of US Ambassador to Spain Carlton Hayes, similar gratitude was also expressed by the Provisional French Government at Algiers in 1943. The public, aware of the failure of human and governmental values in the war, were drawn to extremist politics. This left the striking Asturian miners to fight alone.[51]. During the 1960s, the wealthy classes of Francoist Spain experienced further increases in wealth, particularly those who remained politically faithful, while a burgeoning middle class became visible as the "economic miracle" progressed. [206] American military facilities in Spain built since then include Naval Station Rota, Morn Air Base, and Torrejn Air Base. [26] The wound was serious, and he was not expected to live. Larger cities and capitals were mostly under the jurisdiction of the Policia Armada, or the grises ("greys", due to the colour of their uniforms) as they were called. [204], With the end of World War II, Spain suffered from the consequences of its isolation from the international economy. [139] By 1939 the fascist style prevailed, with ritual rallying calls of "Franco, Franco, Franco. [135], Unlike some other fascist movements, the Falangists had developed an official program in 1934, the "Twenty-Seven Points". Spaniards who suffered under Franco's rule have sought to remove memorials of his regime. [137] Franco made himself jefe nacional (National Chief) of the new FET (Falange Espaola Tradicionalista; Traditionalist Spanish Phalanx) with a secretary, Political Junta and National Council to be named subsequently by himself. It began on the evening of 4 October, with the miners occupying several towns, attacking and seizing local Civil and Assault Guard barracks. Many of the old guard in charge of the economy were replaced by technocrats (technocrata), despite some initial opposition from Franco. Civil marriages which had taken place in Republican Spain were declared null and void unless they had been confirmed by the Catholic Church. Francisco Franco. Nevertheless, because of the relatively superior military quality of his army and the continuation of heavy German and Italian assistance, Franco won a complete and unconditional victory on April 1, 1939. He restored the monarchy in his final years, being succeeded by Juan Carlos, King of Spain, who led the Spanish transition to democracy. Civil servants had to be Catholic, and some official jobs even required a "good behavior" statement by a priest. Although the transition to democracy was successful, the regime left deep scars in the Spanish society that can still be felt up to this day. [154] On the other side of the Pyrenees, refugees were confined in internment camps in France, such as Camp Gurs or Camp Vernet, where 12,000 Republicans were housed in squalid conditions (mostly soldiers from the Durruti Division[155]). This cultural policy was relaxed over time, most notably during the late 1960s and early 1970s. Francisco Paulino Hermenegildo Tedulo Franco y Bahamonde Salgado Pardo, poznatiji kao Generalsimo Francisco Franco (Ferrol, 4. prosinca 1892. [113] When Mola was killed in another air accident a year later on 2 June 1937 (which some believe was an assassination), no military leader was left from those who had organised the conspiracy against the Republic between 1933 and 1935.[114]. Franco himself was not a strategic genius, but he was very effective at organisation, administration, logistics and diplomacy. In addition he began walking under a canopy, and his portrait appeared on most Spanish coins and postage stamps. [88] The first days of the insurgency were marked by an imperative need to secure control over the Spanish Moroccan Protectorate. Lines, Lisa. [112], On 1 October 1936, in Burgos, Franco was publicly proclaimed as Generalsimo of the National army and Jefe del Estado (Head of State). The policy had devastating effects, and the economy stagnated. Spanish diplomats protected about 4,000 Jews living in Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, and Austria. [40] At this point, once the constituent assembly had fulfilled its mandate of approving a new constitution, it should have arranged for regular parliamentary elections and adjourned, according to historian Carlton J. H. Hayes. The Civil War had been largely a sanguinary struggle of attrition, marked by atrocities on both sides. Franco quickly gained a reputation as an effective officer. [77], In June 1936, Franco was contacted and a secret meeting was held within La Esperanza forest on Tenerife to discuss starting a military coup. Mussolini's number one weapon during his rise to power was fear, he used the fear of people to take control over them. His grades were average; though his good memory meant he seldom struggled academically, his small stature was a hindrance in physical tests. This week we have a piece written by guest-blogger Stanley G. Payne, co-author of the book Franco: A Personal and Political Biography. The designated leader of the uprising, General Jos Sanjurjo, died on 20 July 1936 in a plane crash. With the cargo came Soviet agents, technicians, instructors and propagandists. During the Algerian War (195462), Madrid became the base of the Organisation arme secrte (OAS), a right-wing French Army group which sought to preserve French Algeria. Francisco Franco Bahamonde ( Spanish: [fanisko fako a.amonde]; 4 December 1892 - 20 November 1975) was a Spanish military general who led the Nationalist forces in overthrowing the Second Spanish Republic during the Spanish Civil War and thereafter ruled over Spain from 1939 to 1975 as a dictator, assuming the title Caudillo. Additionally, Mussolini ordered a voluntary army, the Corpo Truppe Volontarie (CTV) of fully motorised units (some 12,000 Italians), to Seville, and Hitler added to them a professional squadron from the Luftwaffe (2JG/88) with about 24 planes. [151], According to Gabriel Jackson and Antony Beevor, the number of victims of the "White Terror" (executions and hunger or illness in prisons) between 1939 and 1943 was 200,000. He was short and was bullied for his small size. Franco was born at the coastal city and naval centre of El Ferrol in Galicia (northwestern Spain). [164] Franco had cautiously decided to enter the war on the Axis side in June 1940, and to prepare his people for war, an anti-British and anti-French campaign was launched in the Spanish media that demanded French Morocco, Cameroon and Gibraltar. Especially since most of the people in power today were raised during Franco's rule. Position: DF. [17] The young Franco spent much of his childhood with his two brothers, Nicols and Ramn, and his two sisters, Mara del Pilar and Mara de la Paz. The post was above his rank, but Franco was still unhappy that he was stuck in a position he disliked. Abroad, Spain is classified as insolvent. Israel expressed disinterest in establishing relations, although there were some informal economic ties between the two countries in the later years of Franco's governance. He made pro-Axis speeches,[158] while offering various kinds of support to Italy and Germany. On 5 August Franco was able to break the blockade with the newly arrived air support, successfully deploying a convoy of fishing boats and merchant ships carrying some 3,000 soldiers; between 29 July and 15 August about 15,000 more men were moved. [213] The remaining nomads of Spain (Gitanos and Mercheros like El Lute) were especially affected. The Spanish Holocaust: Inquisition and Extermination in 20th Century Spain. After landing in Spain, Franco and his army marched towardMadrid. [49] The Catalan Bloc Obrer i Camperol (BOC) advocated the need to form a broad workers' front, and took the lead in forming a new and more encompassing Alianza Obrera, which included the Catalan UGT and the Catalan sector of the PSOE, with the goal of defeating fascism and advancing the socialist revolution. [246][247], The American conservative commentator William F. Buckley, Jr was an admirer of Franco, and praised him effusively in his magazine, National Review, where the staff were also ardent admirers of the dictator. [39] Azaa entered an official reprimand into Franco's personnel file and for six months Franco was without a post and under surveillance. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). [15] He was baptised thirteen days later at the military church of San Francisco, with the baptismal name Francisco Paulino Hermenegildo Tedulo. Check out the latest domestic and international stats, match logs, goals, height, weight and more for Francisco Vidal Franco playing for Deportivo Toluca FC in the Liga MX. (October 2011) "Political Ascent and Military Commander: General Franco in the Early Months of the Spanish Civil War, JulyOctober 1936". [201] Francisco Cobo Romero writes that, besides neutering left-wing advances by using an essentially antiliberal brand of ultranationalism, "in its attempt to emulate Fascism, Francoism resorted to the sacralization and mystification of the motherland, raising it into an object of cult, and coating it with a liturgic divinization of its leader". Franco remains a very controversial figure. Franco was recognised as the Spanish head of state by the United Kingdom, France and Argentina in February 1939. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. [citation needed] Volunteer Spanish troops (the Divisin Azul, or "Blue Division") fought on the Eastern Front under German command from 1941 to 1944. Moredisciplinedand serious than other boys his age, Franco was close to his mother, a pious andconservativeupper middle-classRoman Catholic. At the same time, his regime transitioned from a totalitarian state to an authoritarian one with limited pluralism. The process of integrating the country into the world economy was further facilitated by the reforms of the 1959 Stabilization and Liberalization Plan.[217][218]. The Basque Nationalist Party (PNV) went into exile, and in 1959 the ETA armed group was created to wage a low-intensity war against Franco. [258], Recently the Association for the Recovery of Historical Memory (ARHM) initiated a systematic search for mass graves of people executed during Franco's regime, which has been supported since the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party's (PSOE) victory during the 2004 elections by Jos Luis Rodrguez Zapatero's government. Through this law, homosexuality and prostitution were made criminal offenses in 1954.[214]. [31], Franco led the first wave of troops ashore at Al Hoceima (Spanish: Alhucemas) in 1925. Francisco Franco currently works at the Laboratrio de Colees Zoolgicas - LECZ, Instituto Butantan. There seems to be no consensus on whether the statue should simply be moved or completely destroyed. [138] Also in 1937 the Marcha Real ("Royal March") was restored by decree as the national anthem in the Nationalist zone. Franco had received important support from Adolf Hitler and Benito Mussolini during the Spanish Civil War, and he had signed the Anti-Comintern Pact. In October 1934, during a bloody uprising of Asturian miners who opposed the admission of three conservative members to the government, Franco was called in to quell the revolt. [93], On 21 September, with the head of the column at the town of Maqueda (some 80km away from Madrid), Franco ordered a detour to free the besieged garrison at the Alczar of Toledo, which was achieved on 27 September. The more than 150,000 executions for political reasons was ten times the number of those in Nazi Germany and 1,000 times the number in Fascist Italy. [50] A Catalan state was proclaimed by Catalan nationalist leader Lluis Companys, but it lasted just ten hours. [178][179][pageneeded][180][181], After the war, Franco did not recognize Israeli statehood and maintained strong relations with the Arab world. [241], In Spain and abroad, the legacy of Franco remains controversial. [189][190] Already proclaimed Generalsimo of the Nationalists and Jefe del Estado (Head of State) in October 1936,[113] he thereafter assumed the official title of "Su Excelencia el Jefe de Estado" ("His Excellency the Head of State"). [230], On 11 May 2017, the Congress of Deputies approved, by 1981 with 140 abstentions, a motion driven by the Socialist Workers' Party ordering the Government to exhume Franco's remains. Head of State would be one of the titles most used by the regime since his official appointment on 1 October 1936, in addition to the one used in the Organic Law of the State (1967). Njegova je vladavina poznata po fokusiranju na panjolski nacionalizam, imperijalistikim tenjama, centralizmu . Check this player last stats: game log, goals, assists, played minutes, completed passes and shots. [160] (An oft-cited remark attributed to Hitler is that the German leader said that he would rather have some of his own teeth pulled out than to have to personally deal further with Franco). They emphasize his strong anti-communist and nationalist views, economic policies, and opposition to socialism as major factors in Spain's post-war economic success and later international integration. The end of the war led to hundreds of thousands of exiles, mostly to France, but also to Mexico, Chile, Cuba, and the United States. On April 19, 1937, he fused the Falange (the Spanish fascist party) with the Carlists and created the rebel regimes official political movement. His spokesman Antonio Tovar commented at a Paris conference entitled 'Bolshevism versus Europe' that "Spain aligned itself definitively on the side ofNational Socialist Germany and Fascist Italy. Francisco Franco lived from 1892-1975 and ruled over Spain. Polo had a room in her apartment in which the walls were lined from floor to ceiling with forty columns of twenty drawers, some containing tiaras, necklaces, earrings, garlands, brooches and cameos. [183] This was undertaken through Francoist Spain's Ambassador to Egypt, Angel Sagaz, on the understanding that emigrant Jews would not immediately emigrate to Israel and that they would not publicly use the case as political propaganda against Nasser's Egypt. In order to achieve that goal, censorship was enforced by the Book Censorship section, the Cinema and Theater . [149][note 1] According to Helen Graham, the Spanish working classes became to the Francoist project what the Jews were to the German Volksgemeinschaft. The first load of arms and tanks arrived as early as 26 September and was secretly unloaded at night. . He promoted the use of Castilian Spanish and suppressed other languages such as Catalan, Galician, and Basque. By early 1939 only Madrid (see History of Madrid) and a few other areas remained under control of the government forces. Franco's son-in-law, the Marquis of Villaverde, had a stake in dozens of companies just because of his relation to the dictator. Workers took away the statue, which stood on a street in Melilla, a Spanish enclave . Nevertheless, he remained in power as the head of state and as commander-in-chief. Totalitarianism by the definition is the character or quality of an autocratic or authoritarian individual, group, or government with absolute control. "[140], Franco's advisor on Falangist party matters, Ramn Serrano Ser, who was the brother-in-law of his wife Carmen Polo, and a group of Serrano Ser's followers dominated the FET JONS, and strove to increase the party's power. After the proclamation by Marshal Philippe Ptain of the Vichy France regime, the refugees became political prisoners, and the French police attempted to round up those who had been liberated from the camp. Spain Evicts Francisco Franco's Heirs From Late Dictator's Summer Palace Earlier this year a court ruled that Franco's 1941 purchase of the property, the Pazo de Meirs, was fraudulent. [234] The demand was rejected by the Spanish Government, which issued another 15-day deadline to choose another site. When the Nationalist advance came to a halt on the outskirts of the city, the military leaders, in preparation of what they believed was the final assault that would deliver Madrid and the country into their hands, decided to choose a commander in chief, or generalissimo, who would also head the rebel Nationalist government in opposition to the republic. Franco's common ground with Hitler was particularly weakened by Hitler's attempts to manipulate Christianity, which went against Franco's fervent commitment to defending Catholicism. He became a leader in the anti-Communist movement, garnering support from the West, particularly the United States. [123], The Nationalist victory could be accounted for by various factors:[124] the Popular Front government had reckless policies in the weeks prior to the war, where it ignored potential dangers and alienated the opposition, encouraging more people to join the rebellion, while the rebels had superior military cohesion, with Franco providing the necessary leadership to consolidate power and unify the various rightist factions. General Francisco Franco was made leader of Spain's new fascist regime on October 1, 1936. Francisco Franco Alba is known for Quemar las naves (2007), The Last Call (2013) and El hotel de los secretos (2016). Franco. Francisco Franco El fracaso de la tentativa golpista en la capital y en buena parte del territorio nacional dio lugar a la Guerra Civil espaola, que durara tres aos (1936-1939) y llevara a Franco al poder. After the war, Franco exaggerated his contributions to saving Jews in order to improve Spain's image in the world and end its international isolation. [240] According to a poll by the Spanish newspaper, El Mundo, 43% of Spanish people approved of the exhumation while 32.5% opposed it. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. [220], Franco's body was interred at the Valley of the Fallen (Valle de los Cados), a colossal memorial built by the forced labour of political prisoners ostensibly to honour the casualties of both sides of the Spanish Civil War. . It was made clear to Pinochet that he was not welcome at Juan Carlos's coronation. All government, notarial, legal and commercial documents were to be drawn up exclusively in Castilian and any documents written in other languages were deemed null and void. His dictatorial style proved adaptable enough to allow social and economic reform, but still centered on highly centralised government, authoritarianism, nationalism, national Catholicism, anti-freemasonry and anti-Communism. [108] On 21 September it was decided that Franco was to be commander-in-chief (this unified command was opposed only by Cabanellas),[109] and, after some discussion, with no more than a lukewarm agreement from Queipo de Llano and from Mola, also head of government. Franco was one of a group of military leaders who in 1936 planned a coup to overthrow the Republican elected government, effectively starting the Spanish Civil War. Franco's parents married in 1890 in the Church of San Francisco in El Ferrol. Not only did the Nationalists receive more foreign aid to sustain their war effort, but there is evidence that they made more efficient use of such aid. Prior to becoming the nation's leader, Franco was a general in the Spanish army. [78] An obelisk (which has subsequently been removed) commemorating this historic meeting was erected at the site in a clearing at Las Races in Tenerife.[79]. [175] Franco supplied Reichsfhrer-SS Heinrich Himmler, architect of the Nazis' Final Solution, with a list of 6,000 Jews in Spain.[175]. Although Germany had recognised the Franco Government, Franco's policy towards Germany was extremely cautious until spectacular German victories at the beginning of the Second World War. [29] This and other occasions of royal attention would mark him during the Republic as a monarchical officer. Nombre de nacimiento: Francisco Paulino Hermenegildo Tedulo Franco Bahamonde. [94] At the same time communist parties throughout the world quickly launched a full scale propaganda campaign in support of the Popular Front. Franco won. [37] The closing of the academy in June by the provisional War Minister Manuel Azaa however was a major setback for Franco and provoked his first clash with the Spanish Republic.
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