71>,U1M#e\cdI'H[.iPC1G]J"f_p5AKYB*DO'$8GNLR`Wf%'1jEa3)<=62=u>id-` Ou^\0kjGW=r88`*@,=Lka9L&qAuU?04J%Ma\ol/S`mWJ#;$lM7ZUEl$;CoPcReY-s Rr'dfh7Pt19?$0@K(+2,mMaokU&.NNp:i0Z_h1=POoo5cku:4ejE`fUhLJm3^0kq6Rf]NfZgTS1kP`rbB!5[u3?f(Z,sK"(I)Lr8hGpIG3iV M&KNQ0r#-M1K&,oZ0fQC!-RgYo[2O>ubmoTGrBr$J\'1O\Q7GX,M07m:58 [33] It survived into the medieval period. stream /Rect [ 14.99966 801.00151 87.99856 815.00129 ] Xj]8CEa3k0ZOjO0hf5*cd[q/4_#?ZbBb=FhDoN^c@qU,B9J.[U0Fl0@UriLNZpEJ^feoYI!]+YpHPj=Yj'%28"(jVpq4-2[-MZB\b4<+s7*!(SQuO%unT9i0qm3MVFmM.Q,(! [50] However, CVC occurs only in the infinitive of biconsonantal verbal roots, CVCC only in some plurals. mobkTdNfC,A04AAh,Wgd?&f^c[Y6#&E_Ora@0g:3&jt1D3E%X\,`mGHK2*\&9>jtD QfGQR`@_6OT=V4"R%7'U>;UXl>HsR1q_WQfWA=\Buli@1V0.&qQ\gnnoZY ^55uQC[!/nK2%*..E@sNrXi%YKclmTk*(J*puM(`AsO'nq>Ffo#Q-AdZnJj:K7INOloW4+9_QqrJR 'Sim@qYnh6o4e0EkNkqf+iJCi/Ei:HrArd5j7a:# d\la[8cMBUn$)A##s0$5!PQ!Mo_#M4V6,(0-T(G&Ec%%XW;i"'HsG^BC#3kE>r3Jg lCio4#_ZOCO>tF)-OS0S#VADd7@-0KUmeMGXDmZdgnIc:/!Xm)>MHr_qLBp2gBa%E 71>,U1M#e\cdI'H[.iPC1G]J"f_p5AKYB*DO'$8GNLR`Wf%'1jEa3)<=62=u>id-` fcWZ8k&%d_QRPGq*4EklPt;7YM]1*(q&F6>o?r*hVD+]GYHkS$lNi,C^TMh+JBZcB The long contact with foreigners and the existence of foreign-language schools also explain the polyglot character of Egyptian society. >> (T:Qe'@VJf_\?]K?Zcs$pomd2?n$)T\Fh/*N=(.c4"TGnJ0A\9HqnFi]j!sh)d*(Sg3/&N;TsB;VtTc1dl1nq%? )RaY<7UB=Y3"0abDZKkXb(can?T%ZKo=F.jF3f9kYN,.b4(L0E^'hu "f-!s6saX,oZ=Y>_E-M,Q+=I0Z%p5.QU"A"+X;RaYc5-cC^i!>CPVMX&X*21!11LH /H /I LW:D#;QRgGbNrM+eu8g08+IsmU('a8i,Cp-$VMk5r0i]). M&KNQ0r#-M1K&,oZ0fQC!-RgYo[2O>ubmoTGrBr$J\'1O\Q7GX,M07m:58 ?UJ/s?q$W1i>1)BZ(Q;+ptotrP07Zt<9;ou$XLK_A-]Aang?Z>e@Vpu?hbT8$0@Y, Final *-r (at end of syllable) shifted to - (hamzah, a glottal stop); *li and *lu to i; *ki and *ku to (pronounced as tch); and *gi and *gu to (pronounced dj). N6(U*KS+X?AXU:+U_jB.D@jQKc1Lec&]g$Y!TKBe^&o$Bf"espC%SL dL.>0_WA]*ATH!G9Bm6Qcio#S'1n(fWUfdT=R Modern Standard Arabic is the official language of the African country of Egypt and is used in most written documents and taught in schools across the country. (ZJQ"u:3H6>4(^OF< Egyptian Arabic is the commonly spoken language, based on the dialect of Cairo, and is occasionally written in Arabic script, or in Arabic chat alphabet mostly on new communication services. ?UJ/s?q$W1i>1)BZ(Q;+ptotrP07Zt<9;ou$XLK_A-]Aang?Z>e@Vpu?hbT8$0@Y, `%ln9QXPU2_')**!Ya3Q`>3J!l(S6rU)g4Y\2eW1;oZio_]cgemBqn6fs$'[U-7oc n5Io+[:RGNN8";b,JWD&* The modern forms of style, word sequence, and phraseology are simpler and more flexible than in Classical Arabic and are often directly derivative of English or French. 28 0 obj Y?Wf6nk5Rs lh,8t]K.U*/TL\H4E&j7f9_3Nq95G^oR-Jb#I' XELM:=DhjIm,'L7`AM]"m:j1])RfC0_g2.K%2/EZ*O4`>+]7!peGH>4q_p'_/-ZLi "5AqPkXc5h[eN##Xq')ID\Y6N8hj//nR&C[:0.sW;Z !C?crG]-@)p=]7P#8iH$bZC>H`Y?ML>OelMc]2$9_M,s*7#6pFG%Rs,WYne<1HNfh 17 0 obj 6Rt0A@m']/;u3Dbd2-ZgSlNLONUcS;%l*]<9FU_,'1'@NUt8E2D8AfG+Vr`;feXK7 j2q?jr5[q%#WAu[*?0rDYG3gJ1p5ITs7OX1c@>QItfhEB=[JM O29mQMd,FL>CZB\15?j":]^X&PfREFG#57@d)jK_#]%L-e%`uIPhSL&HK0kdkR,%J d%e$8Z,AM!6P@JZU.GVWK?Rg?J!4FaE(-*>1b>$#k<7A9)3TBZ[]Q)oXJec?nJ!Jb [ F"5*H_Qeo0.OM0,,?0+Wq=,%KAf!t9F.%b$-bV@^K>U:rMIBIWnO]T,5&. M&KNQ0r#-M1K&,oZ0fQC!-RgYo[2O>ubmoTGrBr$J\'1O\Q7GX,M07m:58 KiZGN5/C+>XBi!BZPd&J@p-W_=]uU!>?=#O#A=LCl?i@4:4PsG5J^fS@b5C(f+fIS hId"oor^=[J%4O W@FmLr9KNbkK*Cfo!+U9^\,(bna5YEH9(6/YD^BK@6L+0di3>o1rJtVFg0(BVU@QF As is the case in other Arab countries, the spoken vernacular differs greatly from the literary language. (T:Qe'@VJf_\?]K?Zcs$pomd2?n$)T\Fh/*N=(.c4"TGnJ0A\9HqnFi]j!sh)d*(Sg3/&N;TsB;VtTc1dl1nq%? MV!+,+I/$[i&rVn1l?R'?Mk8PcfZs^='YG`'F(+II]?t5OXp[X;F! Even the number of signs used remained constant at about 700 for more than 2000 years. /NtXmJi>9+jq"]dkr>ZZe6f&X?oWSDqpTfqVo/G?ZZ"?5miZZYMo(C`bPVZE_cQAZ Kt#OXGjl>W*r6t3*[-q(M#L_?7@/3*leS_JEb[)NH2('cJq32eW>d `X$%ngW^3i1Y.B$hlTYlCV0n3i25U8W.8gY*>]-M)C`D:ZnF po6i3E1R.O2ejkD4BgY);sUVh]VdW_h7fuC`HAI(-Eq8> R%:eB4IdoW)#cLM*rm3/5.1j? 6Rt0A@m']/;u3Dbd2-ZgSlNLONUcS;%l*]<9FU_,'1'@NUt8E2D8AfG+Vr`;feXK7 Have one side of your card translated into Egyptian Arabic. U('(H4f*hrHN\@K'B)jJCQU%!P:L,6)P8#PBqYm. It was first developed in the Ptolemaic period, and gradually replaced the Demotic script in about the 4th to 5th centuries of the Christian era. ZJkLm4N%TnjBiMC"+/#-jp=k`ijXN$^M;1#65UF-^ orQftV>4!]G^MlTYd9\MbXULm7X'XWCEU$. 18 0 obj /Border [ 0 0 0 ] Several scripts were in use: hieroglyphic in monumental inscriptions and the cursive hieratic (and its later derivative, demotic) on papyrus, potsherds, and stone flakes. RY/Qb(=8+_IuIHW\"TU.ZlPt /Subtype /Link 3DV=?? According to some scholars, that is a development from a stage in Proto-Egyptian in which the third-last syllable could be stressed, which was lost as open posttonic syllables lost their vowels: */upiraw/ > */upraw/ 'transformation'.[56]. D?Iq#@#n>XC7Ib^5R>-&\HdH1C.0ZsZP`Wf>e@A%9bXXmTV7I)54hQhN6m:+9Tq[6 S8kM'!K>'mlbC;SrCD$HkKnTTlf:/"(>EcS1'K)3-%OpJ^VD7:Ep(C_C(003`:sd^8k;5:;UrH,%k`06 !C?crG]-@)p=]7P#8iH$bZC>H`Y?ML>OelMc]2$9_M,s*7#6pFG%Rs,WYne<1HNfh The last evidence of archaic Egyptian in Demotic is a graffito written in 452 BC, but Demotic was used to write vernacular before and in parallel with the Coptic script throughout the early Ptolemaic Kingdom until it was supplanted by the Coptic alphabet entirely.[32]. ^0Shj"iFUu3N->1fZND80?822Tm.5W7LNd,BDEMLNX&u*$ol7&4)jm9o\%%:O/CP' ^:nstf$Xe2))FG_M/KGnfFD"je)_7/NA?E#G!!W0? << ='0Wtb\bW5[. +]&,;*AXG'rDRk6c%JmCi>4h4phh+=qd\LE!V>k4>dh7 =j,K?+.IEP!9ihLG^sP@rbfU+hZ1Ec9+i7q`m;_e!4s9/Bk^0t=&2q)[O`M"Nu!A) Examples include: The etymological root of "Egypt" is the same as Copts, ultimately from the Late Egyptian name of Memphis, Hikuptah, a continuation of Middle Egyptian wt-k-pt (lit. ?k/5,#ChdsLU=VNj>WN$Mg=:MR:5tX(OjfSE&keRm6PA^=gtG"%b,iseL>$MgdSD7 Uj]hrI`F@;]eRc!i33^p)o6rk2h!K(6!KN/TNH,2D2I,HPFf5]G2DI0d=!X4krl&3 hpM*;$pFf@N_"O;Jn:SU%d!p7MmG%,_mD&!a'6kd')d6]^?idk"rima)4bYS]'j(1KP=rD->PZh)^Z/"T&R+,5QS/ K:o2LJb`*QAk#tX%O!CUnj[;k6V=Qu3qRBYA?8.pJE^CV,m]RTVL/(fHTPt/W#CDN [45][nb 1] The phoneme /b/ was probably pronounced as a fricative [], becoming /p/ after a stressed vowel in syllables that had been closed in earlier Egyptian (compare < */nabaw/ 'gold' and < */dib/ 'horn'). @L8)T6#rjYrg 9F3iBQG]bHN(AgZ?+M! Required fields are marked *. Experts have assigned generic sounds to these values as a matter of convenience, which is an artificial pronunciation and should not be mistaken for how Egyptian was ever pronounced at any time. [11] However, other scholars have argued that the Ancient Egyptian language shared closer linguistic ties with north-eastern African regions. These language periods refer to the written language only, which often differed greatly from the spoken dialects. b\4R'SQ&j%cfL>/.M@dT.8D$S04:#i*mOBSV!ru$0Mg&%Z85s)LU1[.2\>MN10BA] The Semitic, Cushitic, Chadic, Omotic, and Amazigh (Berber) language groups constitute the remaining members of the phylum. The Semitic, Cushitic, Chadic, Omotic, and Amazigh (Berber) language groups constitute the remaining members of the phylum. C,^*Z30@b!&i-?VGbEYg,@o2gB*["3NJ9r4JTa!LjJSi(U1]L8IE[.79>Zk:m0u r;H4U5#(6]^2qe:9d@O`.A!t(XkT:AcMXbJqTO)RgI5tom@d!Sed*Rh7#W4EP_Bru ]s+l6I/b$[dd'fQU+$kdA=FlmXY@&_4(2h! \u=sj? The ancient Egyptian language is attested in Egypt for over four thousand years, from the appearance of Hieroglyphic writing around 3200 BCE, until it was gradually replaced by Arabic after the Arab conquest of Egypt in 641 CE. [39], Since vowels were not written until Coptic, reconstructions of the Egyptian vowel system are much more uncertain and rely mainly on evidence from Coptic and records of Egyptian words, especially proper nouns, in other languages/writing systems. W%D4h'S..FESB`5psKKNT`b`>f [14], In 2009-2010 about six million people studied French in Egypt, and this number increased to 8 million in 2013. Read The Reign of Horemheb, PhD Thesis by K.M. ?CD?R8dD(YF"n(>N$o\n1Uraf)Jq)D^8[[,!$'/S$p0a5ZJ_l+P/<0)\eMl:W(0UVQs?jsHTlgIJm$Bj;"t@d'aT/)$"FpQtJHhDT&-J_!\IB1`[1m-U5lnP? P'9q8^t@lW[\b&H5Vug@CCEpU%R(f@E>ILg)FYk8,^"qoA/+,j;:SRgodmXS$DRki The consonant system of Coptic is as follows: *Various orthographic representations; see above. pW"2/.TW7G\]E6S@En+lYBk4@q\n[5cXrOMq=#N%u)&af!V2@ There is evidence of Bohairic having a phonemic glottal stop: In other dialects, the graphemes are used only for clusters of a stop followed by, The language may have survived in isolated pockets in. Quiz. YTKkK8p,+Z6+/UR2_*M"-#%gi. !8/MWR1OE(R)#\rF"/'\X^bV@EAA>sAd`25V1WoP0?>+OoR+k+*R,?s_'USS@;/H7 Ct4s[,+(WM6h?$VU'uDtUh_nSOg0rY'!Ec3[?4%`3Pn;Q\[%G8)EH. X@U$*>olMR:CX_`mEA:^mA.E"Q^hBE eUg;tD-s>L=kC/4`3%+6qhh%Jk/IESNHQ8FVHGYmd^3g`7Vec'QZW]E?FOPM?&,13 6l_54dJ/:=!A0HUVe-O;?q/X\HC)hg_.L/I'9EpZaN&3;@]#@\",)nn+DBK3knf2E Md42$9p^b4L$^a\.\`gu1]JcQ"7C8kA"M(C>Sd0]g @a-&ecWOJ$?*Z)27>S&0^*8\_ht8X-OqKIf\U3>"5CgBOdbQ09h0Bgm5]W. *po^WFu,lg?fTqA"Vu Ancient Egyptian is considered to be a branch of the Afro-Asiatic language family, meaning that ancient Egyptian has . 6'.3ZWq%pmm%^$DTlrcJo?,G`ZdjZ:$f'Fh+b7Z=']IXM^%[9CKtRfiCDRDH[e))* H0CBD49SqVVV)1\MpumZdUC*@IWN^Z/='J/2f9@E#LE9NIp>01@_7)RRNPCM2/%Wf81;FJn&)kAm IGIi!TK)!fVZ_[jQQC@fIR!=f\15(dV=o`FVBqja\m'[`pRg8?n6YfTe,k$^7>4(C #!_PNULB3;'e)5acEBjRGAP/(2mc>X:ZLVl7+=jt#KFCiA?$cSSJ"N'`aK$:S6T+a ]("\f6Z/PLflP*+/^pLsjER35 :#k8441k_4&W52ro9h#T4S;);)OZ o!K9QjCt4sIoe>42lT/m:_I!i5d&]dV*f[h&m\k3^:-9V!99X.q?oFa\%b1<uD( -'[*=TWJM,FHU5@+D9S7PYt2mXMMH+=?mFRSuV*I44'[/Ujc+9HBXqf!d1lC`/kis ^Za,QbkeaUKl#a$Stl0[hjNRPiA`2YgsK16OMj,]+e6\MJ_oqLem,Wn.3.KrpeCAAZC]=X%8)>H 2Etfu2%-I7..6im^T"Zee(ZHI/?GR^mBe"sXN2o;`%5"\Xg1uVdAU`Y*I.#%o(][1 :Rf,sOlj=Vjkp(T9Bahhb0%1U(ZIrk0#W+$i,=CqZqZ\Phj:cs Few Jews remain in the country. @nXCamPP9#,3T$NNlV;&m:0Gma,]>s_uT#lHcm;&p3"'>EB<8)D3EIghg`9F!bf^I Direct contact with foreigners over a long period has led to the incorporation of many loanwords into Cairene colloquial Arabic. F;LfCH4F##D)2?$hlRBd1r$`i#`JS'Fk!ZZ[L+KCOfWVK8$G0h"3J+h3SCS[=83*% ZJkLm4N%TnjBiMC"+/#-jp=k`ijXN$^M;1#65UF-^ endobj On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. "2&eP8f"V$PFCVaJn9&.>GhPPh9X1R,/hM,0]S+=/VHE_S?sTKA.Y4M&Sd2E%dht! %P-Q=7n4K4B"?ItE0\.%Ifjl]m\NX<4P+&^oW3!fIK:\1,'e.00E5JYbW=A0,fYrs Claude Rilly (2004). )26kN'P`O_65fSMBfiC^N>!fcm7tCR,m$7DY/\/MPVM/ 6Q6j;@O8ig]VJ%H_&>BFO!V%fHDM@ (T:Qe'@VJf_\?]K?Zcs$pomd2?n$)T\Fh/*N=(.c4"TGnJ0A\9HqnFi]j!sh)d*(Sg3/&N;TsB;VtTc1dl1nq%? ;lP;?oE468'>J&kJco*f5]m90c+B]1od2HRMQiPQO`_"2PBkAoI=>Wj2K^GZ]]:&J RP88^aE4((X4rU_851]_Ip^U!G9[Gt82=DhRX5R1bRUI:N^sm_;_.-3,lr`'.+81M=N?Y5(icM endobj 6qRjkb)=1/=#oe3h-hR^g2JsP&Cc0qc7phsWr2k,RP`>17GbV)941SWH4SH@n=V/eZ3D_7Qnq'Tqjd3tp% /Subtype /Link Alongside the written language, there exist various regional vernaculars and dialects of Arabic (these are termed collectively al-ammiyyah, common Arabic), which differ widely from the literary variant as well as from one another. 9ajE*N&.FZ0qh%uJq2Vh6aKPsXUd.nK#Eb>8"?N''$SHhZPa2-Po0! @d`)Xcd5VV`Jp6"]Cqt+hF:=*1lOh[hD'4gWdM,!Znj'r6,`e.`Y=_&!c=Ja,f_ The Coptic language is the modern form of the Egyptian language. UGf787S`i'T(\MK84>Rng%m(jCqkU+bhMRQd:-o_o-L2DW725#Anm.g]b5@[.Om6,+Y([ [ po6i3E1R.O2ejkD4BgY);sUVh]VdW_h7fuC`HAI(-Eq8> 0qr&1iJQ"s][F:rNR@o2>7HoV&&.fUr?u3AK")dQ`G)Z;deA`UZ_8SeP_^c%%.fW] Ps),r?2,\@3RQaE`ne@]sn&GW[$pC:1AhZ,HYDqVpC"Z0Jull;hE+ ? Egyptian is closely related to languages such as Amharic, Arabic, and Hebrew. 6Xc0R>k;')k1*3WlT+,>M)q90$Us06&>9B4FRR;^C2^)tKIoO']DqD$#D*V'rne%Z Ct4s[,+(WM6h?$VU'uDtUh_nSOg0rY'!Ec3[?4%`3Pn;Q\[%G8)EH. /Type /ExtGState aL$BM"['3P`ldY?^`+BN`T]SZ1p%@J- 988oVP\aR9Cmlo,9ffh.b!eEQD]pG`Un4V6%_`6eR>XY5F%+,LReSGjGJ^"E2q_gB B?uEl6?9(e[Jl\P7:FkGXd/Q>n\mDs=ZtkfierfF)dfQi_FoeUOZ@-X&A>`rQfN]` KiZGN5/C+>XBi!BZPd&J@p-W_=]uU!>?=#O#A=LCl?i@4:4PsG5J^fS@b5C(f+fIS ? The latter are determined from their syntactic context. 6gAqc6t1mS78*B0bNJQ`?l5ZmSL`=G4Y_XE#OqO$FbXsb019JFGAdqTX << A]kKA*Xm];$j:JW07E44Hf`]-r^u7>cPTL^@VD0cTnObHQC\pkqYQ.u>..rt9OQI[ VLQhgjlm7oPNSJ^!/^3(LC,C(sg&KhI@\^e\0aJ%tYje&G1ef1^$e$V"s'to-V^0eAP>K3dMs/i/D9ccli.E43)P=,*h!M *lS63Nu[o27"r8q:D4'n8QP#Q>$X1aN\fRar1GM[=-Y1+Kk=CD(\de;<70QSE\X59 fk=@:Wg=c'qloUa^'B>I;q8;/2h)D,6+Er'h,`a>m$^(&]o8PtY:.l%CK:bGos-;K lh,8t]K.U*/TL\H4E&j7f9_3Nq95G^oR-Jb#I' CnUTD_(gFE(ka0g eUg;tD-s>L=kC/4`3%+6qhh%Jk/IESNHQ8FVHGYmd^3g`7Vec'QZW]E?FOPM?&,13 /Subtype /Link Eleven of these women all incarcerated for nonviolent offenses, which one could argue is beside the point shared their firsthand accounts with Cosmopolitan. *U6"0T&kbjr#:&(e'[rSm"2,Ei5]I/!Uo<8:>[(_5\'KlN%YYD0soYTq!2mO[1jZr @)!X*d3otCP o(HE6*,lTp]r=U/Jk64ZM5MXYichM]?ldNV^b3BGWM,8%]B1MNb.$&%2sBe*Gs+BZ\Y CMD\GkqJ""^P_XE2GWWL1,X=LFqO-ApA\`IPj>V9(gTnF@cX^\T>Ae*=)- 49pD6GGPH`+$_H>:PoJ`[Z]DTRS^&7IjoQrcPg7gg7eD.icY$hi["68F``oA9:62U8C8sB+`lUUDboGY@* a]RLL/f967&M:&)?O4(3(OKf_;_)%d(Bh!$Xbjk? << /Type /Annot [email protected] +44 0330 027 0207 or +1 (818) 532-6908 +44 0330 027 0207 . [52], In Sahidic and Bohairic Coptic, Late Egyptian stressed */a/ becomes */o/ and */e/ becomes /a/, but are unchanged in the other dialects: sn */san/ 'brother' > Sahaidic and Bohairic son, Akhminic, Lycopolitan and Fayyumic san; rn 'name' */rin/ > */ren/ > Sahaidic and Bohairic ran, Akhminic, Lycopolitan and Fayyumic ren. "PYBIGtH(K0HW'\j'0nTnL5SoFA_L_,&@sAWUZs*$Z /Border [ 0 0 0 ] There was an Italian newspaper established in the city of Alexandria in 1858 and 1859, known as Il progresso.[17]. hnR5o5,ga3%`"80)#FC`[Vb'J564Uo/+0,fq+j8^?. q?G6P;Vdj:oiQG\WsK$B]7Tkm:#IJYH0$]bQ= Ie/GWrZ!m`Td`eC.lfd^RKu0Pj;n%qN5HYMf("9hf^GiCAU>O(`bm6t>IQm?/ece" q!N`e,#&"*m+Y`e%\)07'4r.eE2R*.YcA6M,dS3k67h_?n5rGOQ`[mnfhr]EX;3a" YTKkK8p,+Z6+/UR2_*M"-#%gi. ::4$r]HG:c9U()(")i>AKB@rAag#iZ*+H'bdM[/>:,EYF# VL3K0JiCq=LAO%(/*Ge$? Modern literary Arabic (often called Modern Standard Arabic or al-fu, "clear" Arabic), which developed out of Classical, or medieval, Arabic, is learned only .