", Bohdan Krawchenko, "Ukrainian studies in Canada. The Ukrainophile school promotes an identity that is mutually exclusive of Russia. Mount Roman-Kosh, at 5,069 feet (1,545 metres), is the mountains highest point. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. The partially-recognised Ukrainian People's Republic emerged from its own civil war of 19171921. Larger saline lakes occur along the coast. By the second half of 2015, independent observers noted that reforms in Ukraine had considerably slowed down, corruption did not subside, and the economy of Ukraine was still in a deep crisis. In a letter dated 10 December 1992, its Permanent Representative informed the Secretary-General that the Czech and Slovak Federal Republic would cease to exist on 31 December 1992 and that the Czech Republic and the Slovak Republic, as successor States, would apply for membership in the United Nations. Ukraine became a candidate to join the European Union on Thursday, a bold geopolitical step triggered by Russia's invasion that Kyiv and Brussels hailed as an "historic moment". After World War II, some amendments to the Constitution of the Ukrainian SSR were accepted, which allowed it to act as a separate subject of international law in some cases and to a certain extent, remaining a part of the Soviet Union at the same time. The U.S. recognized Ukraine after the breakup of the Soviet Union in 1991. Ukraine occupies the southwestern portion of the Russian Plain (East European Plain). The country changed its official name to Ukraine, and it helped to found the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), an association of countries that were formerly republics of the Soviet Union. "Conceptual Issues in Studying the History of the Ukrainian Revolution. [110] George W. Simpson and Orest Subtelny were leaders promoting Ukrainian studies in Canadian academe. Jacek Staszewski, August II Mocny, Wrocaw 1998, p. 100. Ukraine has never been a member of the CIS.[68]. Three large artesian basinsthe Volyn-Podilsk, the Dnieper, and the Black Seaare exceptionally important for municipal needs and agriculture as well. As Russian President Vladimir Putin . The Russophile policies of Russification and Panslavism led to an exodus of a number some Ukrainian intellectuals into Western Ukraine, while others embraced a Pan-Slavic or Russian identity. Ukraine's modern history as an independent state amounted to a few tumultuous years of a shaky Ukrainian People's Republic between the collapse of the Russian Empire in 1917 . [10] The Ukrainian Bolsheviks, who had defeated the national government in Kyiv, established the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, which on 30 December 1922 became one of the founding republics of the Soviet Union. On the same day, Yanukovych supporter Volodymyr Rybak resigned as speaker of the Parliament, and was replaced by Tymoshenko loyalist Oleksandr Turchynov, who was subsequently installed as interim President. West of the Volyn-Podilsk Upland, in extreme western Ukraine, the parallel ranges of the Carpathian Mountainsone of the most picturesque areas in the countryextend for more than 150 miles (240 km). Ukraine was once considered to be part of Russia. Later historiographical trends were quickly adapted to the Ukrainian evidence, with special focus on Ukrainian nationalism. declared sovereignty (July 16, 1990) and then outright independence (August 24, 1991), a move that was confirmed by popular approval in a plebiscite (December 1, 1991). Ukraine, country located in eastern Europe, the second largest on the continent after Russia. U.S. relations with the Ukraine have, however, been complicated by Ukraine's historical relationship with Russia. During the 19th century, Russophilia was a common occurrence among the Slavic population, but the mass exodus of Ukrainian intellectuals escaping from Russian repression in Eastern Ukraine, as well as the intervention of Austrian authorities, caused the movement to be replaced by Ukrainophilia, which would then cross over into the Russian Empire. [28] Despite Lithuanian being the native language of the ruling class, the main written languages within the Grand Duchy of Lithuania were Latin, Old Church Slavonic, as well as Ruthenian, with East Slavonic Chancery being replaced by Polish in the early modern period.[29]. [93][94] The decision of the National Security and Defense Council and the Presidential Decree of February 19, 2021 imposed sanctions on 8 individuals and 19 legal entities, including Putin's pro-Russian politician and Putin's godfather Viktor Medvedchuk and his wife Oksana Marchenko. The first permanent settlers of the island chain were Portuguese explorers who are believed to have settled there in 1462 [i] [ii] . Despite the Cossack's military usefulness, the Commonwealth, dominated by its nobility, refused to grant them any significant autonomy, instead attempting to turn most of the Cossack population into serfs. On 1 January 2016, Ukraine joined the DCFTA with the EU. Academy of Sciences, Kiev, 195075. Professor of Geography, University of Windsor, Ontario, Can. But Secretary General Jens Stoltenberg stressed that . [103], The scholarly study of Ukraine's history emerged from romantic impulses in the late 19th century when German Romanticism spread to Eastern Europe. The partially-recognised Ukrainian People's Republic emerged from its own civil war of 1917-1921. [18] The Copper Age people of the Cucuteni-Trypillian Culture resided in the western part, and the Sredny Stog Culture further east, succeeded by the early Bronze Age Yamna ("Kurgan") culture of the steppes, and by the Catacomb culture in the 3rd millennium BC. [106], Many historians in recent years have sought alternatives to national histories, and Ukrainian history invited approaches that looked beyond a national paradigm. [99] On February 24, 2022, Russian forces invaded Ukraine. Most of Ukraine fell to the Russian Empire under the reign of Catherine the Great; in 1793 right-bank Ukraine was annexed by Russia in the Second Partition of Poland.[37]. Slowly, the histories of Poles and Jews are also slowly being reintegrated. "A companion to Ancient Macedonia" John Wiley & Sons, 2011. With the start of World War I, all those supporting Russia were rounded up by Austrian forces and held in a concentration camp at Talerhof where many died. The rivers are most important as a water supply, and for this purpose a series of canals has been built, such as the DonetsDonets Basin, the DnieperKryvyy Rih, and the North Crimea. [82][83][84][85] During the same period, political (including adoption of the law on lustration and the law on decommunization) and economic reforms started. Ukrainian pro-independence forces fought pro-Bolsheviks . What follows is a sketch of how Ukraine became Ukraine over 1,300 years of history, mapped by The . Daniel managed to rebuild his father's state, including Kiev. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). During a February press conference, Zelenskyy predicted that if Ukraine loses the war, Russia will then invade a country that's a North . The invasion has also created Europe's largest refugee crisis since World War II. Small saltwater lakes occur in the Black Sea Lowland and in Crimea. On February 21, 2019, the Constitution of Ukraine was amended, with the norms on the strategic course of Ukraine for membership in the European Union and NATO being enshrined in the preamble of the Basic Law, three articles and transitional provisions. It had, however, overestimated Gorbachev's intentions. However, many Ukrainians accepted their fate in the Russian Empire and some were able to achieve great success there. The Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine did not ratify the accession, i.e. The main opposition candidate, Viktor Yushchenko, called for Ukraine to turn its attention westward and aim to eventually join the EU. The Dnieper River, with its hydroelectric dams, huge reservoirs, and many tributaries, dominates the entire central part of Ukraine. His death was followed by a period of turmoil that lasted until his son Daniel regained the throne in 1238. [38], The 2.4 million Ukrainians under the Habsburg Empire lived in eastern Galicia and consisted mainly of the peasantry (95%) with the remainder being priestly families. 9- Canada: After the US, another North American country has grabbed a spot on the list of wealthiest nations in the world.It is the second-largest country in the world after Russia in terms of . It officially became an independent country just over 30 years ago, in December 1991. With the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, Ukraine became an independent state, formalised with a referendum in December 1991. In 941 AD, the Prince of Kyiv invaded the Byzantine Empire but was defeated in the Rus'Byzantine War (941). The Supreme Court later annulled the election result and following an election re-run in December 2005, Viktor Yushchenko became president. The capital is Kyiv, located on the Dnieper River in north-central Ukraine. However, the old local authorities did not want any changes; they were cleansed of anti-Maidan activists (lustration), but only in part. A period of great migrations began with the descent of the Goths from the Baltic region into Ukraine about 200 ce. [70], On 21 April 2019, Volodymyr Zelenskyy was elected president in the second round of the presidential election. With the power vacuum created with the end of Hunnic and Gothic rule, Early Slavs, in the aftermath of the Kyiv culture, began to expand over much of the territory that is now Ukraine during the 5th century, and beyond to the Balkans from the 6th century. Nazarbayev, who turns 75 this summer, is unlikely to be around when 2050 dawns (he'd be 110) and the question of succession-who rules Kazakhstan after it's first and only president passes . [77], In March 2014, the Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation occurred. The region was inhabited by the Dulebe, Tiverian and White Croat tribes[citation needed]. My Dogs React to the Hot Dog ChallengeTucker is back with another priceless round of his famous reactions. When President Leonid Kravchuk was elected by the Ukrainian parliament in 1990, he vowed to seek Ukrainian sovereignty. Myron. This decision resulted in the Euromaidan protests and later, the Revolution of Dignity. During this time, several Slavic tribes were native to Ukraine, including the Polans, the Drevlyans, the Severians, the Ulichs, the Tiverians, the White Croats and the Dulebes. But the historical reality of Ukraine is complicated . A successor state to the Kievan Rus' on part of the territory of today's Ukraine was the Principality of Galicia-Volhynia. Smaller reservoirs are located on the Dniester and Southern Buh rivers and on tributaries of the Donets River. [22] The Ostrogoths stayed in the area but came under the sway of the Huns from the 370s. Therefore, exile schools of historians emerged in central Europe and Canada after 1920. Ukraine, country located in eastern Europe, the second largest on the continent after Russia. Settlement in Ukraine by members of the genus Homo has been documented into distant prehistory. [54], During his presidency (20102014), Yanukovych and his Party of Regions were accused of trying to create a "controlled democracy" in Ukraine and of trying to destroy the main opposition party Bloc Yulia Tymoshenko, but both have denied these charges. Subsequently, all principalities of present-day Ukraine acknowledged dependence upon the Mongols (12391240). [12] Subsequently however, the economy experienced a high increase in GDP growth until the economy plunged during the Great Recession.[13]. The Crimean Mountains form the southern coast of the peninsula. [36] The Russophile policies of Russification and Panslavism led to an exodus of a number of Ukrainian intellectuals into Western Ukraine. Dan . Some 1.5 million Jews were murdered by the Nazis during their occupation. A Brief History of Austria. Burkhard Herbote, tourism Hero. Together with Russia, Ukraine was a part of the former Soviet Union but its population voted overwhelmingly for independence in 1991, which ended any realistic chance of the Soviet Union staying together even on a . Under the German occupation of Ukraine, between 1941 and 1944, some Ukrainian . In the far southeast, Ukraine is separated from Russia by the Kerch Strait, which connects the Sea of Azov to the Black Sea. [32] It remained a vassal state of the Ottoman Empire until 1774, when it was finally dissolved by the Russian Empire in 1783. Marshland, covering almost 3 percent of Ukraine, is found primarily in the northern river valleys and in the lower reaches of the Dnieper, Danube, and other rivers. The journey to independence started in August 1991, when the Ukrainian parliament set . The flourishing of social history after 1960 opened many new approaches for researchers in Canada; Subtelny used the modernization model. During subsequent decades, Tsarist rule over central Ukraine gradually replaced 'protection'. 1h. "The 'Bandera Debate': The Contentious Legacy of World War II and Liberalization of Collective Memory in Western Ukraine,", Verstiuk, Vladyslav. A prolonged political crisis began on 21 November 2013, when president Viktor Yanukovych suspended preparations for the implementation of an association agreement with the European Union, instead choosing to seek closer ties with Russia. The 15th-century decline of the Golden Horde enabled the foundation of the Crimean Khanate, which occupied present-day Black Sea shores and southern steppes of Ukraine. "With Ukraine, Russia is an empire. Still, Ukraine has to demonstrate its partners that the standards are being implemented. In order to make the Mayor answerable to the public, we need to do two things: 1. The war stalled until 24 February 2022, when Russia launched a major invasion of much of the country. Deadly violence engulfed Kyiv's Maidan, or Independence Square, in 2014 after the Ukrainian government, under pressure from Moscow, abandoned an agreement to strengthen ties with the European Union. Our enemies will vanish like dew in the sun; We too shall rule in our country. Joseph Roisman,Ian Worthington. On March 11, 1990, Lithuania declared that it was an independent nation, the first of the Soviet republics to do so. Association Trio is tripartite format for the enhanced cooperation, coordination, and dialogue between the three countries (that have signed the Association Agreement with the EU) with the European Union on issues of common interest related to European integration, enhancing cooperation within the framework of the Eastern Partnership, and committing to the prospect of joining the European Union. Dams and hydroelectric plants are situated on all the larger rivers. The investigation of crimes against Maidan residents was delayed. Collectivization in the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, declared itself an independent country on 24 August 1991, referendum formalizing independence from the Soviet Union, shrank by more than 10% per year (in 1994 by more than 20%), UkraineEuropean Union Association Agreement, Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation, "What We Theorize When and Where Did Domestication Occur", "Horsey-aeology, Binary Black Holes, Tracking Red Tides, Fish Re-evolution, Walk Like a Man, Fact or Fiction", "Ukraine macroeconomic economic situation", "Neanderthals built homes with mammoth bones", "The Oldest Anatomically Modern Humans from Far Southeast Europe: Direct Dating, Culture and Behavior", "Early human fossils unearthed in Ukraine", "Trypillian Civilization 5,508 2,750 BC", "The Sultan's Raiders: The Military Role of the Crimean Tatars in the Ottoman Empire", "Slaves, Money Lenders, and Prisoner Guards:The Jews and the Trade in Slaves and Captivesin the Crimean Khanate", " ", "Opinion | The messy, bloody history that led Ukraine into the impeachment inquiry", "Ukrainian Insurgent Army: Myths and facts - Oct. 12, 2012". The East Slavic school, an eclectic compromise between Ukrainophiles and Russophilism, has a weaker ideological and symbolic base, although it is preferred by Ukraine's centrist former elites. The DWTS pro said that at the Ukrainian border, men cannot leave the country: "If the families are going all together, the men have to stay back and go back, and . In Rus' propria, the Kyiv region, the nascent Rus' principalities of Halych and Volhynia extended their rule. The Antes were the ancestors of Ukrainians: White Croats, Severians, Polans, Drevlyans, Dulebes, Ulichians, and Tiverians. In consequence, by the Treaty of Perpetual Peace, signed in 1686, the eastern portion of Ukraine (east of the Dnieper River) was to come under Russian rule,[5] 146,000 rubles were to be paid to Poland as compensation for the loss of the Right Bank of Ukraine,[6] and the parties agreed not to sign a separate treaty with the Ottoman Empire. The nascent Cossack state, the Cossack Hetmanate,[35] usually viewed as precursor of Ukraine,[35] found itself in a three-sided military and diplomatic rivalry with the Ottoman Turks, who controlled the Tatars to the south, the Commonwealth of Poland and Lithuania, and the Tsardom of Muscovy to the East. King of Poland adopted the tile of "lord and heir of Ruthenia" (Latin: Russiae dominus et Heres[27]). The Zaporizhian Host, in order to leave the PolishLithuanian Commonwealth, sought a treaty of protection with Russia in 1654. Ukraine and Russia share roots stretching back to the first Slavic state, Kievan Rus, a medieval empire founded by Vikings in the 9th century. After independence, a high priority in Canada was assisting in the freeing of Ukrainian scholarship from Soviet-Marxist orthodoxywhich downplayed Ukrainian nationalism and insisted that true Ukrainians were always trying to reunite with Russia. [86][88][89][90] By December 2015, more than 9,100 people had died (largely civilians) in the War in Donbas,[91] according to United Nations figures. Like the Dnieper, the Southern Buh, with its major tributary, the Inhul, flows into the Black Sea. ** 1991: Leonid Kravchuk, leader of the Soviet republic of Ukraine, declares Kiev . Head, Department of the History of Ukrainian Prerevolutionary Literature, Institute of Literature, Ukrainian S.S.R. It reached its highest importance during the reigns of Vladimir the Great and Yaroslav the Wise. A referendum in the largely ethnic Russian Ukrainian autonomous region of Crimea was held and Crimea was de facto annexed by Russia on 18 March 2014. North of the Ostrogothic kingdom was the Kyiv culture, flourishing from the 2nd5th centuries, when it was also overrun by the Huns. [78], The Crimean crisis was followed by pro-Russian unrest in east Ukraine and south Ukraine. On the first anniversary of Russia's invasion of Ukraine, China offered a 12-point proposal to end the war, which a senior diplomat had teased in Munich earlier this week TAIPEI, Taiwan -- One . The fight against corruption was launched, but was limited to sentences of petty officials and electronic declarations, and the newly established NABU and NAPC were marked by scandals in their work. On 1 December, voters approved a referendum formalizing independence from the Soviet Union. However, the Great Frost of 1709 between 1708 and 1709 greatly weakened the Swedish army. [47] Tymoshenko ran for president against both Yushchenko and Viktor Yanukovych, creating a three-way race. This led to an increasing number of Cossack rebellions aimed at the Commonwealth. The Neanderthals are associated with the Molodova archaeological sites (45,00043,000 BC) which include a mammoth bone dwelling. When the Soviet Union began to unravel in 199091, the legislature of the Ukrainian S.S.R. Ukraine's independence had been established, but the country would soon become part of the Soviet Union. By Tim Lambert. Multiethnic history recognises the numerous peoples in Ukraine; transnational history portrays Ukraine as a border zone for various empires; and area studies categorises Ukraine as part of East-Central Europe or, less often, as part of Eurasia. Some Cossacks were enlisted by the Commonwealth as soldiers to protect the southeastern borders of Commonwealth from Tatars or took part in campaigns abroad (like Petro Konashevych-Sahaidachny in the battle of Khotyn 1621). Ukraine remained under Soviet control for the remainder of the 20th century until the Soviet Union's collapse in . The politics of identity (which includes the production of history textbooks and the authorization of commemorative practices) has remained fragmented and tailored to reflect the ideological anxieties and concerns of individual regions of Ukraine. [97][98], Throughout 2021, Russian forces built up along the Russia-Ukraine Border, in occupied Crimea and Donbas, and in Belarus. Viktor Yanukovych,[49] the incumbent Prime Minister, supported by both Kuchma and by the Russian Federation, wanted closer ties with Russia. The peninsulaa large protrusion into the Black Seais connected to the mainland by the Perekop Isthmus. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. The Crimean Oblast was transferred from the RSFSR to the Ukrainian SSR in 1954. [60] Battles between protesters and police resulted in about 80 deaths in February 2014. A Varangian dynasty from Scandinavia settled in Kiev in the 9th century and proceeded to free the . The War in Donbas began in Donetsk and Luhansk oblasts of Ukraine involving pro-Ukrainian and pro-Russian Ukrainians and Russian mercenaries. Development here lagged behind Russian-ruled Ukraine and was one of the poorest regions in Europe. When the first bombs from Russia hit Ukraine, JetBridge's employees in Kyiv didn't know how to react. New schools spread the ideas of the Renaissance; Polish peasants arrived in great numbers and quickly became mixed with the local population; during this time, most Ukrainian nobles became polonised and converted to Catholicism, and while most Ruthenian-speaking peasants remained within the Eastern Orthodox Church, social tension rose. Here is one key development from every month of the war", "Russians admit defeat in Kharkiv; Zelenskyy visits Izium after troops flee shattered city: Ukraine updates", "Putin illegally annexes territories in Ukraine, in spite of global opposition", The Harvest Of Sorrow: Soviet Collectivisation and the Terror-Famine, "What do Scholars of Russia owe Ukraine? In 1322, Pope John XXII established a diocese in Caffa (modern day Feodosia), which broke apart the Diocese of Khanbaliq (modern day Beijing), the only Catholic presence in the Mongol lands. Nazi Germany with its allies invaded the Soviet Union in 1941. [76], Ukraine was originally preparing to formally apply for EU membership in 2024, but instead signed an application for membership in February 2022. The Budapest Memorandum was a 1994 agreement between the U.S., U.K., Russia and Ukraine, which had to do with nuclear non-proliferation and the thorny question of how to manage Ukraine's . Show that environmentalism is political ideology, not about the environment. The southern lowland continues in the Crimean Peninsula as the North Crimean Lowland. However, after the dissolution of the Soviet Union towards the end of the Cold War, Ukraine had the chance . [45] Galicia, Volhynia, South Bessarabia, Northern Bukovina, and Carpathian Ruthenia were added as a result of the MolotovRibbentrop Pact in 1939 and the Soviet victory over Germany in the Second World War, 193945. On 21 January 1990, over 300,000 Ukrainians[46] organized a human chain for Ukrainian independence between Kyiv and Lviv. Conflict among the various principalities of Rus', in spite of the efforts of Grand Prince Vladimir Monomakh, led to decline, beginning in the 12th century. The 1648 Ukrainian Cossack (Kozak) rebellion or Khmelnytsky Uprising, which started an era known as the Ruin (in Polish history as The Deluge), undermined the foundations and stability of the Commonwealth. The kingdom included western Kazakhstan and parts of Crimea, eastern Ukraine, southern Russia and Azerbaijan. In 882, Kyiv was founded by the Varangian noble Oleh (Oleg), who started the long period of rule of the Rurikid princes. The story of the Ukraine-Russia crisis does not begin in 2021, or 2014, It begins in the 9th century.There was a time when the two countries were one.There w. A viral Facebook post has shown a Ukrainian officer who trained with the Houston Police Department (HPD) wearing a "Don't Mess With Texas" patch amid the country's fight against Russia. After a 1648 rebellion of the Cossacks against the PolishLithuanian Commonwealth, Hetman Bohdan Khmelnytsky agreed to the Treaty of Pereyaslav in January 1654. During the Iron Age, these peoples were followed by the Dacians as well as nomadic peoples like the Cimmerians (archaeological Novocherkassk culture), Scythians and Sarmatians. For centuries, the southeastern shores of the Baltic Sea were inhabited by various Baltic tribes. A second runoff found Viktor Yushchenko the winner. In the runoff election, Yanukovych officially won by a narrow margin, but Yushchenko and his supporters alleged that vote rigging and intimidation cost him many votes, especially in eastern Ukraine. Many new cities and villages were founded & links between different Ukrainian regions, such as Halych Land and Volhynia were greatly extended.[33]. 1939 - Western Ukraine is annexed by the Soviet Union under the terms of the . [79][81] By December 2014, more than 6,400 people had died in this conflict, and according to United Nations figures it led to over half a million people becoming internally displaced within Ukraine and two hundred thousand refugees to flee to (mostly) Russia and other neighboring countries. In late February, Fox News host Tucker Carlson openly questioned the legitimacy of Ukraine's political system, openly dismissing its status as a democracy . Until the late 18th century, the Crimean Khanate maintained a massive slave trade with the Ottoman Empire and the Middle East,[31] exporting about 2 million slaves from Russia and Ukraine over the period 15001700. Ukraine did not experience the restorationist paradigm typical of some other post-Soviet nations, for example the three Baltic countries Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia, although the multifaceted history of independence, the Orthodox Church in Ukraine, Soviet-era repressions, mass famine, and World War II collaboration were used to provide a different constitutive frame for developing Ukrainian nationhood. The mountains range in height from about 2,000 feet (600 metres) to about 6,500 feet (2,000 metres), rising to 6,762 feet (2,061 metres) at Mount Hoverla, the highest point in the country. Of the total course of the Dnieper, 609 miles (980 km) are in Ukraine, making it by far the longest river in the country, of which it drains more than half. Maks Chmerkovskiy/Instagram . They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. Scholars in Ukraine welcomed the "national paradigm" that Canadian historians had helped develop. The outstanding leaders were Volodymyr Antonovych (18341908), based in Kyiv, and his student Mykhailo Hrushevsky (18661934). As of 14 February, 2023, approximately 18.61 million people had fled Ukraine, and 5.35 million people were internally displaced as of January 2023. Following the union between Poland and Lithuania, Poles, Germans, Lithuanians and Jews migrated to the region, forcing Ukrainians out of positions of power they shared with Lithuanians, with more Ukrainians being forced into Central Ukraine as a result of Polish migration, polonization, and other forms of oppression against Ukraine and Ukrainians, all of which started to fully take form. So, that means 100 UAH would equal 2.60 GBP. Protesters set up camps in Kyiv's Maidan Nezalezhnosti (Independence Square),[59] and in December 2013 and January 2014 protesters started taking over various government buildings, first in Kyiv, and later in Western Ukraine. Prehistoric Ukraine, as a part of the Pontic steppe in Eastern Europe, played an important role in Eurasian cultural contacts, including the spread of the Chalcolithic, the Bronze Age, Indo-European migrations and the domestication of the horse.[1][2][3]. On January 6, 2019, in Fener, a delegation of the Orthodox Church of Ukraine with the participation of President of Ukraine Petro Poroshenko received a Tomos on autocephaly. In the north, the name of Moscow appeared in the historical record in the Principality of Suzdal, which gave rise to the nation of Russia.