Balanovsky O, Dibirova K, Dybo A et al. Am J Hum Genet 2008; 82: 236250. It remains to be seen if testing will reveal G-M377 haplotypes in other populations this is some indication that G-M377 occurs at low levels in the Near East. The following SNPs are so far identified as M201 equivalents: L116, L154, L269, L294, L240, P257, L402, L520, L521, L522, L523, L605, Page 94, U2, U3, U6, U7, U12, U17, U20, U21, U23 and U33. Two sources of the Russian patrilineal heritage in their Eurasian context. Samples have been identified in England, Germany, Montenegro (Bosniak), Spain, Cyprus (Greek), Turkey, Armenia, Georgia, Lebanon, Syria and Kuwait. The members of G-PF3359 are probably smaller in number than men included in G-P303, but only a small amount of testing has occurred for the relevant mutations. L223 is found on the Y chromosome at rs810801 and 6405148 with a mutation from C to G. L223 was first identified in samples at 23andMe in 2009 but proved problematic as an individual test, the first successful results being reported at Family Tree DNA in late 2011 under its assigned L223 label. Chiaroni J, King RJ, Myres NM et al. It has an extremely low frequency in modern populations, except (i) Iran and its western neighbors, and (ii) a region straddling south Central Siberia (Russia) and northern Kazakhstan. PubMedGoogle Scholar. Goncalves R, Freitas A, Branco M et al. While acknowledging that the inference of the age and geographic source of dispersals of Y chromosome haplogroups from the frequency and STR diversity data can be approximate at best, we speculate that this lineage could potentially be associated with the Linearbandkeramik (LBK) culture of Central Europe, as its highest frequency (3.45.1%) and Td estimate (Supplementary Table S4) of 108703029 years ago occur there. Digora, North Ossetia has the highest known concentration of G in a single city, as 74% of the tested men were G.[14] Haplogroup G is found as far east as northern China in small percentages where G can reach more substantial percentages in minority groups such as the Uyghurs. The coming of the Greeks to Provence and Corsica: Y-chromosome models of archaic Greek colonization of the western Mediterranean. Ancient DNA reveals male diffusion through the Neolithic Mediterranean route. Haplogroup G is observed in this survey as G1-M285 and G2a-P15. Spatial frequency maps for hg G sub-clades that attained 10% frequency in at least one population were obtained by applying the haplogroup frequencies from Supplementary Table S1. Various estimated dates and locations have been proposed for the origin of G-M201, most of them in Western Asia. The mutation involves a change from C to T.[citation needed] L223 is found on the Y chromosome at rs13304806. In addition, K-Y28299, which appears to be a primary branch of K-M2313, has been found in three living individuals from India. [12] The fourth site also from the same period is the tztal of the Italian Alps where the mummified remains of tzi the Iceman were discovered. In Russia, Ukraine and Central Asia, members of various ethnic minorities and/or residents in particular localities possess G-M201 at its highest levels in the world even though the average rate at the national level is about 1% or less. No labs have yet assigned them shorthand names. They arewith accompanying Y-chromosome locationsU5 (rs2178500), L149 (8486380) and L31 (also called S149) (rs35617575..12538148). Because SNPs provide the most reliable method of categorization, each is allowed to represent an official G category. Although M527 frequency (Supplementary Table S1) is relatively low (16%), its phylogeographic distribution in regions such as southern Italy, Ukraine and the Levant (Druze and Palestinians) often coincides with areas associated with the Neolithic and post-Neolithic expansions into the Greek Aegean beginning approximately 7000 years ago.41 The expansion time (Td) of M527 is 71002300 years ago and is consistent with a Middle to Late Neolithic expansion of M527 in the Aegean. Extended Y chromosome haplotypes resolve multiple and unique lineages of the Jewish priesthood. Evaluation of Y-chromosomal STRs: a multicenter study. . Farther north, 8% of ethnic Hungarian males and 5.1% of ethnic Bohemian (Czech) males have been found to belong to Haplogroup G. In South Asia, some ethnic minorities possess haplogroup G at concentrations of approximately 18%[21] to 20%[22] of Kalash, approximately 16% of Brahui,[22] and approximately 11.5% of sampled Pashtun,[21] but in only about 3% of the general Pakistani population. The genetic heritage of the earliest settlers persists both in Indian tribal and caste populations. In Lebanon, however, G accounts for 6.5% of the population and in Iran to around 10%. In other words, these mutations are so unique that they could only come from other cells with the same mutations. The highest frequencies of haplogroup G appear in the Caucasus region; however it also shows significant frequencies in the Mediterranean areas and the Middle East [69,70]. His male-line descendants appear to remained rooted in the region for tens of thousands of years while the Ice Age was in full swing. Included within G-L91 are some men with double values for STR marker DYS19, but there are also G2a2 men with this finding who are not L91+. P257 was first reported in 2008. Haplogroup G (Y-DNA) In human genetics, Haplogroup G (M201) is a Y-chromosome haplogroup. The origin of haplogroup G is controversial. It is not found among Native Americans except where intermarriage with non-native persons has occurred. The general frequency pattern of hg G overall (Figure 2a) shows that the spread of hg G extends over an area from southern Europe to the Near/Middle East and the Caucasus, but then decreases rapidly toward southern and Central Asia. G is found mostly in the north central Middle East and the Caucasus, with smaller numbers around the Mediterranean and eastward. First, here is the only region with co-presence of deep basal branches as well as the occurrence of high sub-haplogroup diversity of haplogroup G. Nei M : Molecular Evolutionary Genetics. So far all G2a1 persons have a value of 10 at STR marker DYS392. Lacan M, Keyser C, Ricaut FX et al. These patterns have been related to different migratory events and demographic processes.2, 10, 11, 14, 15, 16. The 96 populations were collapsed into 50 regionally defined populations by excluding populations where the total G count was less than n=5. [42] The technical specifications of M201 are given as: refSNPid is rs2032636..Y chromosome location of 13536923.forward primer is tatgcatttgttgagtatatgtc..reverse primer is gttctgaatgaaagttcaaacg..the mutation involves a change from G to T. A number of SNPs have been identified with seemingly the same coverage in the population as M201. Croat Med J 2005; 46: 502513. It is a branch of Haplogroup F (M89), and is theorized to have originated, according to the latest thinking, in the Near East or Southern Asia, likely in the region that is now northern India, Pakistan, and Afghanistan. It has been found in Mexican mestizos. In the Russian North Caucasus the Kabardinian and Ossetian populations are also notable for high rates of G-M201. Eur J Hum Genet 2004; 12: 855863. An assessment of the Y-chromosome phylogeography-based proposal that the spread of G2a-L497 chromosomes originated from Central Europe could be achieved by typing this SNP in the Holocene period human remains from Germany31 as well as those from France and Spain.45, 46 Certainly, Y chromosome represents only a small part of human genome and any population-level interpretation of gene flow in this region would have to be supported by genome-wide evidence. The hg G-U1 subclade is characterized by several sub-clusters of haplotypes, including a more diverse cluster mostly represented by Caucasus populations. Correspondence to Men who belong to this group but are negative for all its subclades represent a small number today. [24] Haplogroup G-M201 is believed to have been relatively absent during Neolithic India; the frequencies of the G2a-P15 subclade for example was negligible in indigenous Indian populations. New York: Columbia University Press, 1987. Specifications for most markers have been previously reported,1, 17, 28 ISOGG 2011 (http://www.isogg.org/tree/). It was found with burial artifacts belonging to the Linearbandkeramische Kultur ("Linear Band Ceramic Culture"; LBK). The Iceman belongs to haplogroup G2a2b [13] (earlier called G2a4). Slider with three articles shown per slide. In north-eastern Croatia, in the town of Osijek, G was found in 14% of the males. Almost all L141 men belong to L141 subclades. The G2 clade consists of one widespread but relatively infrequent collection of P287*, M377, M286 and M287 chromosomes versus a more abundant assemblage consisting of G2a-related P15*, P16 and M485-related lineages. G-CTS2488 or G2a2b2 (also known as G-L141.1; previously G-141 and G2a3b) was identified only in mid-2009 at Family Tree DNA. [6], A more eastern origin has also been mentioned, believed by some to originate in an area close to the Himalayan foothills. Mitochondrial haplogroup N is a "Macro-haplogroup", also called a "Superhaplogroup." All humans who left Africa descended from mtDNA haplogroup L3, and that ancient lineage soon gave rise to two great daughter families, M and N, which, in turn, became the mothers of billions. Keller A, Graefen A, Ball M et al. Name: G-L14 Age: 7800 ybp 1700 CI 95% Expansion: 5200 ybp 1900 CI 95% Parent: G-L1 Note: This information does not imply an endorcement of YFull or their methods. The M527-defined sub-clade is unusual in that it reflects the presence of hg G-U1 that is otherwise rare in Europe. G-M201 is most commonly found among various ethnic groups of the Caucasus, but is also widely distributed at low frequencies among ethnic groups throughout Europe, South Asia, Central Asia, and North Africa . No clinal patterns were detected suggesting that the distributions are rather indicative of isolation by distance and demographic complexities. The next largest subclade of G-P303 is characterized by the presence of the U1 mutation. The DYS391 marker has mostly a value of 10, but sometimes 11, in G2a2b1 persons, and DYS392 is almost always 11. (This followed the publication of: Haplogroup K2b (M1221/P331/PF5911) is also known as Haplogroup MPS. The mutations involved may be complicated and difficult to interpret. Zhivotovsky LA, Underhill PA, Cinnioglu C et al. Spallanzani, Universit di Pavia, Pavia, Italy, Viola Grugni,Vincenza Battaglia,Carmela Nici,Francesca Crobu,Sena Karachanak,Baharak Hooshiar Kashani&Ornella Semino, Department of Medical Genetics, Medical University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran, Iran, Istituto di Genetica Molecolare Centro Nazionale delle Ricerche, Pavia, Italy, Centro Interdipartimentale Studi di Genere, Universit di Pavia, Pavia, Italy, Unit Mixte de Recherche 6578, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, and Etablissement Franais du Sang, Biocultural Anthropology, Medical Faculty, Universit de la Mditerrane, Marseille, France, Estonian Academy of Sciences, Tallinn, Estonia, Department of Biological Anthropology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK, Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA, You can also search for this author in G1 is possibly believed to have originated in Iran. [16] The concentration of G falls below this average in Scandinavia, the westernmost former Soviet republics and Poland, as well as in Iceland and the British Isles. Haplogroup G men who belong to this group, but are negative for all G2a subclades, are uncommon in Europe but may represent a sizeable group in so far poorly tested areas east of Turkey. G-M377, now also known as G2b1, has previously been designated G2b and G2c. Mitochondrial DNA variation of modern Tuscans supports the near eastern origin of Etruscans. Internet Explorer). https://doi.org/10.1038/ejhg.2012.86, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/ejhg.2012.86. Interestingly, the decrease of hg G frequency towards the eastern European populations inhabiting the area adjacent to NW Caucasus, such as southern Russians and Ukrainians,18, 40 is very rapid and the borderline very sharp, indicating that gene flow from the Caucasus in the northern direction has been negligible. BMC Evol Biol 2011; 11: 69. In addition, there are multiple other SNPs thought to have the same coverage as M201. Such temporal estimates must be viewed with caution owing to differences in individual STR locus mutation rates, sensitivity to rare outlier STR alleles and complexities related to multiple potential founders during a demographic event. G2a2b2a is also found in India. Am J Hum Genet 2004; 74: 788788. [8][9], Furthermore, the majority of all the male skeletons from the European Neolithic period have so far yielded Y-DNA belonging to this haplogroup. Beginning in 2008, additional G SNPs were identified at Family Tree DNA (L designations) and Ethnoancestry (S designations). PAU thanks Professor Carlos D Bustamante. A more compact cluster of Near/Middle Eastern samples is also resolved in the network. The G-P303 phylogenetic network was constructed using 248 G2a3b-P303-derived 19-locus haplotypes from populations representing Europe, Middle/Near East, South/Central Asia and the Caucasus and belonging to five sub-clades P303*, U1, M527, M426 and L497. The highest frequency values for P303 are detected in populations from Caucasus region, being especially high among South Caucasian Abkhazians (24%) and among Northwest (NW) Caucasian Adyghe and Cherkessians39.7% and 36.5%, respectively. L2b1a. The authors declare no conflict of interest. Am J Hum Genet 2007; 80: 759768. G-P16 is also occasionally present in Northeast Caucasus at lower frequencies (Supplementary Table S1), consistent with a previous report.3 Outside the Caucasus, hg G-P16 occurs at 1% frequency only in Anatolia, Armenia, Russia and Spain, while being essentially absent elsewhere. In the Tirol (Tyrol) of western Austria, the percentage of G-M201 can reach 40% or more; perhaps the most famous example is the ancient remains of the so-called "Iceman", tzi. [5] Cinnioglu et al. [2][37], Ancient DNA identified as G-PF3359 has been found at archaeological sites in: Hungary (the subclade G-F872*), dated at 7,500 years before present (BP); Hungary (subclade G-F1193*) 7,150 BP, and; Spain (G-PF3359*) 4,700 BP.[2]. The suggested relevant pre-historical climatic and archeological periods specified in conjunction with lineage-specific estimated expansion times are specified in the summary portion of Supplementary Table S4. Haplogroup F is the parent of haplogroups from G to R; however excluding these common haplogroups, the minor clades F*, F1, and F2, seem to appear in the Indian continent [68]. Behar DM, Yunusbayev B, Metspalu M et al. ), Haplogroup M, as of 2017, is also known as K2b1b. The number of STR marker values separating men in this group suggest G-PF3359 is a relatively old group despite the small number of men involved. White PS, Tatum OL, Deaven LL, Longmire JL : New, male-specific microsatellite markers from the human Y chromosome. Several G-PF3359 subclades, based on shared STR markers, probably exist. Haplogroup G first locations (T. Kandell). Haplogroup P (P295) is also klnown as K2b2. Circles represent microsatellite haplotypes, the areas of the circles and sectors are proportional to haplotype frequency (smallest circle corresponds to one individual) and the geographic area is indicated by color. For the human mtDNA haplogroup, see. The emergence of Y-chromosome haplogroup J1e among Arabic-speaking populations. Semino O, Magri C, Benuzzi G, Lin AA, Al-Zahery N, et al. In the G2a3b-P303 network (Figure 4), there are several region-specific clusters, indicating a considerable history for this SNP. L1771.1/ L177_1, L1771.2/L177_2, L177.3/L177_3) was withdrawn as an identifier by ISOGG in 2013, after it was "found to be an unreliable palindromic snp". Russ J Genet 2004; 40: 326331. The National Geographic Society places haplogroup G origins in the Middle East 30,000 years ago and presumes that people carrying the haplogroup took part in the spread of the Neolithic Two scholarly papers have also suggested an origin in the Middle East, while differing on the date. Its members include "tzi",[citation needed] the so-called Iceman, who died at least 5,000 years BP in the European Alps. We attempted to localize the potential geographic origin of . Peter A Underhill. Although no basal G-M201* chromosomes were detected in our data set, the homeland of this haplogroup has been estimated to be somewhere nearby eastern Anatolia, Armenia or western Iran, the only areas characterized by the co-presence of deep basal branches as well as the occurrence of high sub-haplogroup diversity. Eur J Hum Genet 2009; 17: 820830. Then we applied a 10% overall hg G frequency threshold and the additional specification that both haplogroup G1 and G2 lineages also be present. Am J Hum Genet 2004; 74: 694704. The extreme rarity of G-M377 in northern Pakistan could indicate that G2b in this area originates outside the region and was brought there in the historic period, perhaps from further west (Pakistan was part of both the Achaemenid Persian Empire, conquered by Alexander the Great, and then formed a part of the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom). Y-STR haplotypes were used to construct phylogenetic networks for haplogroups G-P303, G-P16 and G-M377, using the program Network 4.6.0.0 (Fluxus-Engineering, Suffolk, England, UK) and applying the median-joining algorithm. It encompasses a small group of Hispanic men who also so far all have the odd value of 13,21 at the YCA marker. In contrast to G1, the absolute majority of hg G samples belonged to G2-P287-related sub-clades, with the vast majority of them being associated with G2a-P15-related lineages. M286 was first identified at Stanford University at chromosome position 21151187, and is a mutation from G to A. Y-chromosomal evidence of the cultural diffusion of agriculture in Southeast Europe. Haplogroup H Kivisild T, Rootsi S, Metspalu M et al. (2000) suggested 17,000 years ago. We performed principal component analysis to determine the affinities of various hg G fractions with respect to total M201 among different populations, using the frequency distributions of the following sub-clades: M285, P20, M377, M287, P287, P15*, P16, M286, M485, P303*, L497, U1*, M527, M406 and Page19. Semino O, Santachiara-Benerecetti AS, Falaschi F, Cavalli-Sforza LL, Underhill PA : Ethiopians and Khoisan share the deepest clades of the human Y-chromosome phylogeny. The corresponding coalescent estimate for M377 is 5600 years ago (Supplementary Table S4). Differential Y-chromosome Anatolian influences on the Greek and Cretan Neolithic. Hum Hered 2006; 61: 132143. The L91 mutation is found at 21327383 and rs35474563 on the Y-chromosome. Am J Hum Genet 2012; 90: 573. The Sea Peoples, from cuneiform tablets to carbon dating. There were only a few G categories until 2008 when major revisions to categories were made. Distribution. (a) Principal component analysis by population. Origin. The most detailed SNP mutation identified was S126 (L30), which defines G2a3.[11]. The Network 4.6.0.0 (Fluxus-Engineering) program was used (median-joining algorithm and the post-processing option). Lacan M, Keyser C, Ricaut FX et al. Drawing the history of the Hutterite population on a genetic landscape: inference from Y-chromosome and mtDNA genotypes. The coalescence age estimate of 9400 years for P16 coincides with the early Holocene (Supplementary Table S4). the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser (or turn off compatibility mode in Almost all haplogroup G1 persons have the value of 12 at short tandem repeat (STR) marker DYS392 and all will have the M285 or M342 SNP mutation which characterizes this group. Age A majority of members of G-P303 belong to one of its subclades, rather than to G-P303*, The largest G-P303* subclade based on available samples is one in which almost all persons have the value of 13 at STR marker DYS388. Artefactual values below 0% values were not depicted. Y-chromosomal diversity in Lebanon is structured by recent historical events. Thus, these estimates should be viewed as the upper bounds of dispersal times. In the northern and highland areas of the island of Sardinia off western Italy, G percentages reach 11% of the population in one study[17] and reached 21% in the town of Tempio in another study. (Previously the name Haplogroup S was assigned to K2b1a4. The G-L13 subclade is most common in north central Europe, and G-Z1266 is most common in the western Caucasus Mountains. The Etruscans: a population-genetic study. This group has been linked with the Crypto-Jewish population which fled to the island during the time of the Spanish Inquisition, of which a significant portion are identifiable as G-Z725 (DYS388=13). Karafet TM, Mendez FL, Meilerman MB, Underhill PA, Zegura SL, Hammer MF : New binary polymorphisms reshape and increase resolution of the human Y chromosomal haplogroup tree. Martinez L, Underhill PA, Zhivotovsky LA et al. Nonetheless, coalescent times provide a valuable/informative relative metric for estimating the time of lineage formation. Haplogroup G represents one of the first peoples in Europe. Article Gene pool structure of Eastern Ukrainians as inferred from the Y-chromosome haplogroups. Among Turkish males 11% of the population is G.[6] In Iran, Haplogroup G reaches 13 to 15% of the population in various parts of the country. However, its sub-clades have more localized distribution with the U1-defined branch largely restricted to Near/Middle Eastern and the Caucasus, whereas L497 lineages essentially occur in Europe where they likely originated. The second component, influenced by the relatively high presence of M377, separates Ashkenazi Jews from other populations (Figure 3a). Similarly, G-P16 and G-M377 networks were created using 104 P16-derived 19-locus haplotypes and 61G-M377-derived 9-locus haplotypes, with both groups representing European, Near/Middle Eastern and central/west Asian populations. Considering these issues, we acknowledge that the variance of the age estimates may be underestimated. The haplogroup G mutation developed about 21,000 to 14,000 years ago. Paleolithic Y-haplogroup heritage predominates in a Cretan highland plateau. The P303 SNP defines the most frequent and widespread G sub-haplogroup. Google Scholar. The 12f2a mutation, which characterizes haplogroup J, was observed in 445 subjects. Int J Legal Med 1997; 110: 134149. Haplogroup G, together with J2 clades, has been associated with the spread of agriculture, especially in the European context. There are distinctive Ashkenazi Jewish and Kazakh subclades based on STR marker value combinations. Zalloua PA, Xue Y, Khalife J et al. These latter labs also made use of raw data results reported by individuals tested for about 2,000 SNPs at 23andMe to provide new L or S-designated SNP tests. G-PF3147 (previously G-L223 and G-PF3146) is characterized by having the L223 mutation. It is one of two branches of the parent haplogroup GHIJK, the other being HIJK. 25 and 0.00069 denote the assumed average generation time in years and the effective mutation rate, respectively, and 1000 is used to convert the result of the equation (into thousands of years).
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