Financial support for ScienceDaily comes from advertisements and referral programs, where indicated. The indirect effect of tourism on coral reef rises from the alteration of the water quality surrounding the reefs through pollution. - covers 71% of earth's surface - came from carbonaceous chondrites (meteorites 4.6 BYO) - formed at same time (possible earth formed with water) - water added to later by asteroids - 96.5% salt water (oceans), 3.5% freshwater (ice, snow, groundwater, lakes, rivers, atmosphere) - salty water caused by weathering of land, river runoff, volcanic & hydrothermal activity (ions added were Na & Cl) Genetic tools create new opportunities for decoding protein structures, The New Trojan Horse: Using tumor cells to kill tumors, According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, https://myhomefarm.co.uk/state-shift-have-we-reached-the-tipping-point. They would die and the ecosystem would experience an excessive amount of sea otters . Speakers for the symposia include marine, freshwater and terrestrial experimental ecologists who will present their research and offer insights from different approaches used to studying consumer-resource interactions. 13 What temperatures do sea otters live in? However, those effects did not extend to the ocean floor, where sensitive cold-water corals, urchins and shellfish dwell and the most . Solutii de asigurare pentru afaceri ma cosmetology license application; what is the best sealer for concrete statues? Some of otters' favorites are abalone, clams, crabs, mussels, shrimp, and sea urchins. The Natural Gardener Inc. Climate change can push species to move in order to stay in their climatic comfort zones, potentially altering where species live and how they interact, which could fundamentally transform current ecosystems. Children need approximately half that amount. This site needs JavaScript to work properly. Many kelps produce algin, a . (Thats the equivalent of 500 years of CO 2 emissions produced in the U.S. at current levels.) Global Change Biology. 12 What are 3 interesting facts about sea otters? A paper published in 2016 in Nature Geosciences compiled data from previous studies in order to provide an estimate of how much atmospheric carbon is being removed by macroalgae. I know that research is being done in California on open-ocean kelp farming, using robotic submersibles to raise and lower the kelp beds (for sunlight at daytime, nutrients from deeper water at night), but the purpose is to produce biofuels. ScienceDaily. Abstract. (2014, August 11). Commun Biol. Abstract. We found that respiration, grazing, growth, and net calcification decline linearly with increasing upwelling intensity forM. francicanusover both acute and chronic timescales. We need people to realize this and take actions in their own lives because the rate of pollution is simply not sustainable and I think earth is approaching a tipping point. The strong swell activity, winter storms, and warm weather associated with the 1997-1998 El Nio were the primary sources of kelp mortality on the California coast in 1998. The fur trade spanning the late 1700s to early 1900s decimated their numbers across their range, from Alaska to Baja California, Mexico. can grow as much as 3060 cm vertically per day. Have you tested it? Wolffish do not migrate over long distances in a given season. The otter is a "keystone predator" whose presence has an outsized effect on its kelp forest habitat. We are aiming to reduce this amount where possible. . It has supported a multitude of industries over the past century. 4. Epub 2022 Jul 28. a shift in a particular environmental variable can disrupt the ability of well-adapted . Sea otter populations provide a historical example of this phenomenon. Turbidity blocks the sunlight that plants need to produce oxygen for fish and other aquatic life. Indirect facilitation can occur when a species positively affects another via the suppression of a shared competitor. predators reduce prey numbers. Now sea otters and other important predator species face the challenges of a changing climate. Views expressed here do not necessarily reflect those of ScienceDaily, its staff, its contributors, or its partners. Explain how the traveling orcas could be having an indirect effect on the kelp More orcas = fewer otters = more urchins = less kelp 6. Marsilea: the 4-leaf clover fern. 1,2,3) as well as the flow of energy and matter across ecosystems (e.g. Caitlynn Schneider. Non-point and point source pollution including sewage, industrial disposal, and coastal runoff might contribute to kelp forest degradation. Abiotic Factor Direct effect on kelp Indirect effects on other species in food chain The right temperature in the water will help the kelp . One type of phytoplankton, Prochlorococcus, releases countless tons of oxygen . ta petro employee handbook. by Sylvia Hurlimann The importance of macroalgae in sequestering away carbon has been overlooked until recently, however, because it is difficult to precisely measure how much carbon is sequestered and exported to the deep sea. Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited. Bacterial densities showed a non-linear response to temperature that depended on the presence or absence of higher trophic levels (Fig. 7 czerwca 2022. So, in the fly example, D. putrida was affected negatively by two other species. The .gov means its official. When dairy cattle are fed Kelp it substantially reduces their greenhouse emissions . 2022 Aug 25;13:981904. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2022.981904. Water clarity or turbidity is the cloudiness or haziness in a fluid caused by individual small particles (suspended solids). Your friend ate some shellfish, and as a result, his face and hands become swollen and red. The most studied effects include a direct action, where the oxidized iodine dissipates the mitochondrial membrane potential, thereby triggering mitochondrion-mediated apoptosis , and an indirect effect through iodolipids formation and the activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors type gamma (PPAR) . Red Tide is a type of algal bloom that takes up oxygen in the water. Unlike in an open-water coastal environment, internal wave energy through a kelp forest is diminished by the kelp, reducing the turbulence that helps mix water from the surface to the seafloor. indirect relationship between sea otter occupation and overall canopy kelp abundance at the sites sampled, or between sea otter occupancy time and overall kelp bed size. Here, we measured the temperature dependence of absolute and mass-independent oxygen consumption using two Washington Sea Grant final report for the period 2/01/2007-13/31/2007 ( ) 1 edition published in 2008 in English and held by 5 WorldCat member libraries worldwide With the Mon Sep 24 2012. how otters affect the Carbon/Oxygen cycle. apartments for rent in jefferson county, ohio [sunlight/temperature], water, and nutrients) and the efficiencies by which these resources are . doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0257662. and transmitted securely. 2018 Student: Anthony Moller Faculty: Rob Jackson Research: Impacts of shifting fire regimes on ecosystem carbon and nutrient cycling and biodiversity Department: Earth System Science We are conducting a large-scale survey to investigate the effect of long-term changes in fire regimes on ecosystem carbon and nutrient cycling and plant biodiversity across the globe. However, only some of these processes affect the length of the cycle (Nurse, 1990). The environment can affect the size or number of offspring either directly or indirectly (Kingsolver and Huey, 2008), and recent work has indicated that environmental temperature has a profound direct effect on ectotherm offspring and complex relationships with adult body size and fitness (Angilletta et al., 2003, 2006; Kingsolver and Huey, 2008; Angilletta, To understand the effect of climate change on a community, Lord et al. The experiments revealed a negative effect of giant kelp on both light availability and understory algal abundance and a positive effect on the abundance of sessile invertebrates, which was consistent with an indirect effect mediated by shade from the kelp canopy. In vitro and in vivo studies have shown that fucoidan has an indirect effect on energy and lipid homeostasis by regulating which play important roles in the process of atherosclerosis. lewis brisbois partner compensation; pioneer plasma tv turns itself off; great lakes burial systems apex 2; how many floors is the empire state building You recommend he take an antihistamine. (2017) constructed a fully factorial experiment. Over the past 250 years, ocean acidity has increased by 30 percent as oceans absorbed around 530 billion tons of carbon dioxide. which may have made the temperature unsuitable for some species. Authors of the February 2018 study published in Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry explain that one of the dietary kelp side effects is toxicosis due to its levels of arsenic, resulting in diarrhea, nausea and overall body weakness. Researchers found that when sea otters arrive in an area from which they have been absent, they begin feasting on urchins. Kelp: Laminaria, a brown algae. Generally this is an indirect effect of a lack of oxygen that was discussed above when considering the interactions between temperature and oxygen. I have no substantial evidence as yet! Covers this in the proposal. 2021 Sep 20;16(9):e0257662. In giant kelp forests, shade from the canopy of the giant kelp, Macrocystis pyrifera, negatively affects understory algae, which compete with sessile invertebrates for space. The other animals in the ecosystem release carbon dioxide, so the kelp is helping by taking These plants produce oxygen as a byproduct of photosynthesis, a process which converts carbon dioxide and sunlight into sugars the organism can use for energy. The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). Abiotic factors are a major part of the kelp forest and allow it to live. However, as in all natural environments, the health is proportional to the number of adverse conditions to which it is exposed. This study investigated the effects of increased temperature on two co-existing habitat-forming kelps: Laminaria digitata, a northern boreal species, and Laminaria ochroleuca, a A. qN in field collected algae from low (SBC) and high (Kresge) flow (SBC). Placing kelp into a composter has a 30% chance of raising the compost level by 1.. Growth mechanics. There will be "winners" and "losers" as species adapt to a changing climate. We evaluated the effect of giant kelp on the relative abundance of algae and invertebrates by experimentally manipulating kelp abundance on large artificial reefs located off San Clemente, California, USA. Trophic cascades are powerful indirect interactions that can control entire Central California bull kelp forests remained in cooler waters and thus in better condition when the winter swells hit, and a much greater percent survived. Other kelp side effects include sea kelp's high arsenic content. With this knowledge, you will determine how abiotic factors like water temperature, water clarity, carbon dioxide, and oxygen affect the kelp since they form the base of food pyramids as producers. it results in the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Unlike in an open-water coastal environment, internal wave energy through a kelp forest is diminished by the kelp, reducing the turbulence that helps mix water from the surface to the seafloor. It has recently been scientifically proven that an Orca copper silver ionisation system can control Legionella even at low temperatures. combat the effects of reactive oxygen species. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help Here, we provide an assessment of the direct and indirect impacts of OA on ES. The full proposal can be viewed using the link below. In a three-level food chain, an increase (or decrease) in carnivores causes a decrease (or increase) 11 Do sea otters have symbiotic relationships? This cause and effect process is called a "trophic cascade," or the progression of direct and indirect effects predators have across lower levels in a food chain. In giant kelp forests, shade from the canopy of the giant kelp, Macrocystis pyrifera, negatively affects understory algae, which compete with sessile invertebrates for The northeast Atlantic has warmed significantly since the early 1980s, leading to shifts in species distributions and changes in the structure and functioning of communities and ecosystems. Some of the plants were treated with finegrained material for two hours and then transplanted in rows together with untreated plants. Website owner: National Ocean Service | NOAA | Department of Commerce, Lending a Kelping Hand in Greater Farallones, Kelp Restoration in Greater Farallones National Marine Sanctuary. We then trained a Faster-RCNN model to automatically detect kelp blades. Over the past 250 years, ocean acidity has increased by 30 percent as oceans absorbed around 530 billion tons of carbon dioxide. An official website of the United States government. Accessibility DOI: 10.1016/0169-5347 (91)90023-Q. Im currently trying to look into whether large regional kelp farms set up as aquaculture facilities would sequester carbon or whether they need the full ocean environment to do so. Water clarity or turbidity is the cloudiness or haziness in a fluid caused by individual small particles (suspended solids). *The presence of otters increases kelp forest carbon storage by 4.4 to 8.7 megatons anually. The PCA result revealed five important latent variables affecting the area: phosphate and silicate nutrients, river input, heavy metal pollution, dissolved oxygen (DO), and nitrates. 2012 Mar 15;215(Pt 6):997-1007. doi: 10.1242/jeb.059824. Dr. Martone's analyses of the effects of sea otters on kelp forest ecosystems can help shape predictions of how climate change and trophic cascades, in concert with other drivers, affect coastal . Im not a scientist but have been pondering for a while whether kelp could be grown at scale in the open ocean and then deliberately sunk as a method of carbon capture. Kelp harvesting during World War I peaked in 1919 when 400,000 wet tons were used to make potash for gunpowder and fertilizer. Unless otherwise indicated, attribute to the author or graphics designer and SITNBoston, linking back to this page if possible. We suggest that this indirect effect manifested as grazers responded to the increased nitrogen content (i.e. marine city high school staff. 8600 Rockville Pike According to an August 2017 study published in Analytical Methods: Advancing Methods and Applications, high levels of arsenic are toxic and carcinogenic in nature. This raises the possibility that giant kelp indirectly facilitates sessile invertebrates, via suppression of understory algae. Research Interests: Marine Biology, Physiology, Climate Change, Ecology, Research, and 5 more. This study investigated the effects of increased temperature on two co-existing habitat-forming kelps: Laminaria digitata, a northern boreal species, and Laminaria ochroleuca, a The causes and effects of macroalgal blooms are similar in many ways to those associated with harmful microscopic phytoplankton species. Oxygen More carbon dioxide helps the kelp because the kelp uses carbon dioxide to help make energy. A symposium focusing on climate's effects on predators -- causing cascading effects on whole ecosystems -- will take place on Tuesday, August 12th during the Ecological Society of America's 99th Annual Meeting, held this year in Sacramento, California. When plants such as trees photosynthesize and grow, carbon in the form of carbon dioxide is removed from the atmosphere and converted into biomass, such as a branch or leaf on a growing tree. Algin is an additive used in a wide variety of dairy products, frozen foods, cakes, puddings, salad dressings, shampoos, and toothpastes. Facebook. Reactive oxygen species damage or even kill plant cells and are a major contributor to reduced yields under stress conditions. indirect relationship between sea otter occupation and overall canopy kelp abundance at the sites sampled, or between sea otter occupancy time and overall kelp bed size. thus they have an indirect effect on kelp Orcas have an indirect pos effect on sea urchins because they eat the sea otters - They have an indirect neg effect on kelp, bc more sea urchins= less kelp. Despite their short lives by plant standards, kelps siphon huge amounts of carbon from the atmospherewhat scientists call "primary productivity." They take carbon dioxide from the air and turn it into sugar fuel with the help of sunlight and water, releasing oxygen back into the air. Sea otter populations provide a . When plants are exposed to stress conditions (cold, heat, drought, salinity stress, etc.) Removing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere will play a necessary role in preventing rising temperatures and future climate catastrophe. Is this a positive or negative effect? Sea otters must eat about 25% of their body weight daily to maintain their body temperature since unlike other marine mammals they rely solely on their fur rather than an extra layer of blubber to stay warm -- it's like a 120-pound human eating 30 pounds of food per day. activity promotes plant colonization. Indirect Effect on the Community A keystone species is one that has a strong effect on the composition of the community Removal of keystone species causes a decrease in species richness Sea otters eat sea urchins which are fierce competitors having a diet of kelp Generally this is an indirect effect of a lack of oxygen that was discussed above when considering the interactions between temperature and oxygen. Loss of foundation species: disturbance frequency outweighs severity in structuring kelp forest communities. grazing echinoderms).This focus overlooks direct and of these prey species altered the community of zooplankton that serve as food for smaller fishes and invertebrates as an indirect effect. Their rough estimate suggests that around 200 million tons of carbon dioxide are being sequestered by macroalgae every year about as much as the annual emissions of the state of New York. Otters might also offer a defense against climate change because healthy kelp forests can grow rapidly and store large amounts of carbon. For the past several years, I served as a consultant to NOAA on the effects of the Deepwater Horizon disaster on Gulf of Mexico seagrass meadows, and served on a National Research Council panel charged with developing monitoring and evaluations protocols for on-going restoration activities in the Gulf of Mexico. Oxygen effect. Self-confidence and very concern about the environment, I would like to work for a company which cares about nature and global warming challenge. Oxygen is a respiratory stimulant resulting in hyperventilation and hypocapnia that may lead to paradoxical vasoconstriction in C02-sensitive vascular beds (such as the brain) may be mediated by CO2 release from increased haemoglobin oxygenation (Haldane effect) may be mediated by the effects of reactive oxygen species on the brainstem In adults over 40, Ive read that prophylactic protocols do not recommend the standard adult dosage until thyroid radiation exposure reaches 500 cGy or greater. more grass and erect shrubs on dens. I live on the South Coast of England ,up until the 60s our town had a large glass house horticultural Industry ,loose seaweed used to be collected from the beach and placed in jute sacks which was then immersed in large vats of water ,the water eventually turned into dark liqueur which was then poured on the crops. You recommend he take an antihistamine. Increased energy expenditure is an indirect effect of habitat structural complexity loss: Autor: Castejn availability, shelter from predators and nursery grounds. To test the effects of temperature, incoming seawater was offset by 2 to reach a low and high of 14.2C and 16.2, respectively. Some kinds grow to a very large size and form underwater forests that support a large population of animals as many invertebrates feed on them. indirect effect of temperature on sea otters. Kelp forests south of Point Coneception sustained up to 100 percent mortality in some regions, although comparable habitats north of that region "were relatively unaffected." 4. Https/Southpacificmarinepark.com exhaust emissions in breathing pockets. The $64 question is why large sea urchins fear predators so much, while small (more vulnerable) urchins do not. The planning link is broken could it be reposted? Research groups are planning on experimentally measuring how much macroalgae gets buried each year by taking samples from the deep-sea and measuring the amount of macroalgal DNA. As in all ecosystems, a balance exists in this complex environment, and the predators such as sea otters generally contain sea urchins or grazing fishes enough to limit the damage by grazing. Large numbers of opaleye or halfmoon fishes can damage kelp forests, particularly when the kelp is exposed to unfavorable growing conditions. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. Topshell gastropods are among the most important intertidal biofilm grazers. I investigated the direct impacts of 4 temperature treatments (11, 14, 18 and 21 C) on In biochemistry, the oxygen effect refers to a tendency for increased radiosensitivity of free . We also found that consumption by both . figures by Hannah Zucker. 1a,d and Table. Because predator species are animals that survive by preying on other organisms, they send ripples throughout the food web, regulating the effects other animals have on that ecosystem. About us; DMCA / Copyright Policy; Privacy Policy; Terms of Service; 16 The Nature of Communities Chapter 16 The Kelp: Laminaria, a brown algae. Where Does Braydon Price Live Google Maps, In giant kelp forests, shade from the canopy of the giant kelp, Macrocystis pyrifera, negatively affects understory algae, which compete with sessile invertebrates for space. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the See https://www.marinebiomass.com/ Im not sure the status of the work or the cost. It seems licensing is a serious issue regarding this particular topic. of these prey species altered the community of zooplankton that serve as food for smaller fishes and invertebrates as an indirect effect. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1).In the absence of other species bacterial densities were highest at intermediate temperatures, for weeks 34 ().In weeks 56, this trend was a simple negative function of temperature ().The presence of Colpidium This indicates that the sea urchins can adapt to high CO2 levels caused by climate change. With all the boating activity in the vicinity, there are three ways in which surface impacts are most likely to affect marine animals: collision. Bookshelf These additional areas also becoming marine parks. National Library of Medicine indirect effect of temperature on sea otters indirect effect of temperature on sea otters Reintroducing the sea otters has enabled the kelp ecosystem to be restored. Until early in the 19th century, the ash of such seaweeds was an important source of potash and iodine. Before Other environmental factors have been suggested as additional regulators of the cell cycle. J Appl Ecol 52:12161226. 40 % at 5 m depth was noted at the peak of the seaweed biomass. There are about 30 different species of kelp worldwide. Click here for instructions on how to enable JavaScript in your browser. Room For Rent In Quatre Bornes, Mauritius, 9 How does O2 affect kelp? The ecological impacts of a changing climate are evident, from terrestrial polar regions to tropical marine environments. The environmental impact of seaweed aquaculture was assessed comparing the farm site with multiple control locations. Questions? Maintaining a global food supply in the face of climate change will require the development of new crops that can thrive at higher temperatures. Northern sea otters are found in the Aleutian Islands, Southern Alaska, British Columbia, and Washington. From macroalgae found in the guts of deep-sea crustaceans, we have inferred for decades that macroalgae travel far from where they are grown and make their way to depths of over 6000 meters under water. We live and farm on the east coast of Newfoundland in Canada, just across the pond from you. maintaining the kelp forest ecosystem (20) was lost (2123). These include the following effects: Direct Trampling by Reef Walking. Kelp can be planted on a broad variety of blocks. *Kelp forests accompanied by Sea otter defenders sequester as much as 12 times the amount of CO2 from the atmosphere than kelp forests with unchecked Sea urchin populations. Without all these factors working in perfect unison, the ecosystem wouldn't survive. ambulance tailgate conversion Interannual variability in the abundance of understory algae and in the abundance of sessile invertebrates was significantly and positively related to interannual variability in the abundance of giant kelp. In coastal North America, sea otters help maintain healthy kelp forests, which benefits other marine species dependent on this habitat. In the U.S., there are two distinct sea otter subspecies, the Northern sea otter (Enhydra lutris kenyoni) and the Southern sea otter (Enhydra lutris nereis). Exposure to 21 C led to tissue loss at least twice that observed at 11 C and mortality within the first 2 wk of exposure for all species. Have you come across any other discussion of ideas of large scale kelp farming, expressly to capture and bury carbon? However, the acute effects of a single upwelling event and the integrated effects of multiple upwelling events on marine organisms are poorly understood. coral reefs) or their maintenance (e.g. Indirect facilitation can occur when a species positively affects another via the suppression of a shared competitor. Maternal effects in response to ocean acidification of sea urchin larvae at different ecologically relevant temperatures, Effects of elevated pCO2on the response of coccolithophoreEmiliania huxleyito prolonged darkness, Juvenile Atlantic sea scallop,Placopecten magellanicus, energetic response to increased carbon dioxide and temperature changes. 2009, Ecology. density mediated trait mediated. The first two impacts are very obvious and don't just apply to vessels with motors. DOI: 10.1016/0169-5347 (91)90023-Q. Have you gotten any further with this? Despite their short lives by plant standards, kelps siphon huge amounts of carbon from the atmospherewhat scientists call primary productivity. Reducing Our Carbon Footprint. Kelp are large brown algae (Phaeophyta) that live in cool, relatively shallow waters close to the shore. The site is secure. Hi, I am invisaging a giant kelp farm off southern Australia near the desert hot for drying kelp and good for a solar powered water desalination plant to wash kelp and irrigate carbon rich soil. Around Gozo, P. turbinatus lives in a eulittoral band of 0.73 m width at average densities of 62 4 m -2 (mean s.e.m., n = 300) but can reach up to 506 m -2 (cf. Thanks for this post Sylvia and Hannah. A smaller chiton had relatively large positive effects on kelp sporeling densities in one experiment and weak effects in another, showing that interaction strength can vary within species. The PCA result revealed five important latent variables affecting the area: phosphate and silicate nutrients, river input, heavy metal pollution, dissolved oxygen (DO), and nitrates. We are aiming to reduce this amount where possible. Highlights. Unfortunately, because the carbon is stored close to the shore, it can be easily disturbed by runoff, human activity, or storms and released back into the atmosphere sooner than it otherwise might have. Dead Zones Dead Zones Dead zones are areas of water bodies where aquatic life cannot survive because of low oxygen levels. The effect otters have on kelp is what takes their keystone species status to a global level. Resurrected Supernova Provides Missing-Link, Bald Eagles Aren't Fledging as Many Chicks, Ultracool Dwarf Binary Stars Break Records, Deflecting Asteroids to Protect Planet Earth, Quantum Chemistry: Molecules Caught Tunneling, Shark from Jurassic Period Highly Evolved, 2.9-Million-Year-Old Butchery Site Reopens Case of Who Made First Stone Tools, Gut Microbes Can Boost the Motivation to Exercise, Warmer Climate May Drive Fungi to Be More Dangerous to Our Health, Seawater Split to Produce 'Green' Hydrogen. Here, we use in situ measurements of pH, temperature, and dissolved oxygen to characterize the covariance of environmental conditions within upwelling-dominated kelp forest ecosystems. The first two impacts are very obvious and don't just apply to vessels with motors. The most studied effects include a direct action, where the oxidized iodine dissipates the mitochondrial membrane potential, thereby triggering mitochondrion-mediated apoptosis , and an indirect effect through iodolipids formation and the activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors type gamma (PPAR) . The causes and effects of macroalgal blooms are similar in many ways to those associated with harmful microscopic phytoplankton species. Through the direct and indirect effects of altered consumption, as well as disturbance effects . Kelp has an incredibly fast growth rate (up to two feet per day) and exports a large portion of its biomass out into the deep sea, allowing kelp to permanently remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. Indirect facilitation can occur when a species positively affects another via the suppression of a shared competitor. In giant kelp forests, shade from the canopy of the giant kelp, Macrocystis pyrifera, negatively affects . Temperature-dependent viscosity had a significant effect on the carrying capacity and growth rates of consumers, as well as the average density of the top predator.
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