2007;28:187380. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. 2004;996:8996. Othman et al. Relationship between cognition function and hippocampus structure after long-term microwave exposure. PubMed Effect on human attention of exposure to the electromagnetic field emitted by mobile phones. The effects are usually . Zhao L, Peng RY, Gao YB, Wang SM, Wang LF, Dong J, et al. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. However, there is little scientific evidence to demonstrate that children are more sensitive to electromagnetic radiation than adults [24, 25]. After 28days, the levels of Glu and Tau in the hippocampus and cerebrospinal fluid were lower, indicating that the cognitive damage induced by microwave radiation is associated with a decrease in Glu [66, 67]. radiation with wavelengths. [78] exposed differentiated astroglial cells that were cultured for 14days in vitro to either continuous 900MHz waves or 900MHz waves modulated in amplitude at 50Hz using a sinusoidal wave form and 100% modulation index for 5, 10, or 20min. 2010;39:67594. PubMed The conclusions are shown in Table3. Handheld cellular telephone use and risk of brain cancer. Kwon et al. 2015;56:2618. In the group treated with 0.8W/kg, there was no significant change. The results demonstrated the ability of electric magnetic field (EMF) to influence plasma melatonin and serotonin concentrations in radar workers. 2015;36:4804. Bioelectromagnetics. Wang et al. However, a recent report [3] published by the Scientific Committee on Emerging and Newly Identified Health Risks (SCENIHR) noted that discussions about the thermal and non-thermal effects are misleading. Finally, Hardell et al. Wang L, Li X, Peng R, Gao Y, Zhao L, Wang S, et al. Thus, Cosquer et al. Brain Res. Above all, because of biases and variations in investigation methods, no conclusive evidence has been presented that microwaves cause cancer. Shahin S, Banerjee S, Singh SP, Chaturvedi CM. Motawi et al. EEG is often used as a tool to diagnose Alzheimers disease [48]. Digestive System: The unstable catabolism of microwaved foods alters their elemental food substances, causing disorders in the digestive system. Aydin D, Feychting M, Schz J, Andersen TV, Poulsen AH, Prochazka M, et al. Repeated exposure to low-level extremely low frequency-modulated microwaves affects cortex-hypothalamus interplay in freely moving rats: EEG study. J Neurosci. In broadcasting, the sources of microwaves are mainly FM radio and TV broadcasting antennas, which produce frequencies ranging from 80 to 800MHz. Military Med Res 4, 29 (2017). 2015;140:23646. Int J Radiat Biol. 2006;79:13140. Reactive oxygen species act through p38 MAPK to limit the lifespan of hematopoietic stem cells. 2003;140:147. [64] exposed cultured rat hippocampal neurons to GSM 1800MHz microwaves (SAR, 2.4W/kg) and observed a selective decrease in the amplitude of -amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-soxazole propionic acid (AMPA) miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents (mEPSCs). After irradiation was applied for 2h/d for 60 d, the authors observed the following: microwave radiation produced by mobile phones damaged the brains of adult and young rats, the damage caused by mobile phones in the calling state was significantly more severe than that observed in the standby group, and the neurons of young rats were more seriously injured than those of adult rats. Kumar M, Singh SP, Chaturvedi CM. 2014;9:e95503. Laboratory of Experimental Pathology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850, China, You can also search for this author in Article Int J Occup Environ Health. Biomed Environ Sci. Motawi TK, Darwish HA, Moustafa YM, Labib MM. Neuroreport. However, the problem with these studies is that different parameters, such as the frequency, modulation, and power density of the radiation and the irradiation time, were used to evaluate microwave radiation between studies. BOOTP and DHCP.ppt anik301. NR2B plays a key role in LTP and was decreased from the 3rd to the 18th month post-treatment, and long-term exposure to high doses of radiation may therefore damage cognitive functions. 2013;34:58998. 2014;53:22230. Lai et al. The levels of NMDA receptor subunits were increased 1 month after irradiation. Because a childs nervous system is growing and their head is more vulnerable to radiation energy, studies that have specifically addressed whether the nervous systems of children are more susceptible to electromagnetic radiation have been performed. Mortazavi S, Tavakkoli-Golpayegani A, Haghani M, Mortazavi S. Looking at the other side of the coin: the search for possible biopositive cognitive effects of the exposure to 900 MHz GSM mobile phone radiofrequency radiation. This is a Health Evidence Network (HEN) synthesis report assessing the clinical effects of daily exposure to mobile phones in general populations. Behav Brain Res. Cassel et al. This classical method is often used to test learning and memory abilities after exposure to microwave radiation. Pathophysiology. The article's subject is the investigation of electromagnetic fields (EMF) of the microwave frequency band in a typical human living environment, especially in shielded areas. Frei P, Poulsen AH, Johansen C, Olsen JH, Steding-Jessen M, Schz J. Gold PE. BMJ. 2012;25:1828. It influences both learning and memory in rats [67]. The brain has been recognized as one of the organs that is most vulnerable to microwave radiation. Moreover, the popularization of mobile phones has made them the main source of brain exposure to radiation. Many studies have been made on the biological effects of microwave radiation. 2008;49:16370. Sci Total Environ. At present, due to a general consensus that the most significant parameter for . Google Scholar. Wang H, Peng R, Zhou H, Wang S, Gao Y, Wang L, et al. Prog Biophys Mol Biol. Lai H, Horita A, Guy AW. Qutob et al. In the cell experiments, the T allele was significantly more vulnerable to microwaves than the C allele with regard to its transcription factor binding ability and the transcriptional activity and mRNA and protein expression of NR2B. A large number of studies have shown that microwave radiation can cause a series of adverse reactions in the central nervous system, including sleep disorders in addition to learning and memory impairments. 2009;72:20514. Therefore, the central nervous system is considered one of the most sensitive organs that is targeted by microwave radiation [1, 2]. [102] exposed rats to 9.15MHz microwaves (SAR: 0.4mW/g) for 2h. They found that in the cerebellum of all the exposed animals, 11 genes were up-regulated from 1.34- to 2.74-fold, and one gene was down-regulated 0.48-fold. 2002;13:11921. as it have a harmful side. 2013;34:26474. Use of mobile phones and risk of brain tumours: update of Danish cohort study. Subsequently, significantly more DNA damage was observed in the exposed groups than in the sham group, and their study also indicated that oxidative stress and inflammation caused DNA damage in response to low-intensity microwave exposure. 2003;14:2436. The final apoptosis score in the exposed group was significantly reduced, and the total antioxidant capacity and catalysis observed in the experimental group was increased. Statistically significant changes were detected in the EEG- bands of six individuals and in the 1 and 2 bands of four subjects in the higher SAR group. CAS Many recent studies have reported that microwaves exposure affects EEG results [54,55,56,57]. These spines have been reported to share a close relationship with learning and memory abilities, and when protein synthesis in dendritic spines is blocked, new spine growth and the development of long spines are both decreased [91]. Instead, the effects of exposure of hu-mans and other life forms must be deter-mined and used to set realistic permissi-ble exposure limits. [62] irradiated Wistar rats, hippocampal synaptosomes and differentiated PC12 cells using microwaves (average power density, 30mW/cm2) for 5min, and the results showed that the post-exposure spatial memory of the rats was significantly decreased, the post-exposure levels of phosphorylated synapsin I (p-synapsin I) and GABA were decreased in the rat and cell experiments, and the post-exposure levels of vesicular GABA transporter and p-synapsin I were increased in small clear synaptic vesicles (which were abnormally assembled in presynaptic terminals) in the rat experiments. Microwaves can influence mitochondria by damaging their structure [45], reducing ATP levels and affecting the activity of relevant enzymes such as succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) and cytochrome coxidase (COX) [119,120,121]. In addition, glucose is also related to cognitive functions, and reductions in the metabolism and uptake of glucose have been observed in local regions of the brain in Alzheimers patients [107, 108]. Google Scholar. The results indicated that radar microwave radiation leads to a decreased reaction time and lower short-term memory performance [18]. Richter ED, Berman T, Levy O. PLoS One. Dasdag et al. Microwaving Food Leads to a Negative Impact on Human Physiology & the Heart. 2009;27:556572. 2002;57:2702. Symptoms included headache, paresthesia, diarrhea, malaise and lassitude. Neuroreport. Singh et al. Lnn S, Ahlbom A, Hall P, Feychting M. Long-term mobile phone use and brain tumor risk. Lee TM, Ho SM, Tsang LY, Yang SY, Li LS, Chan CC. However, these experimental results remain to be supported in repeated experiments [40,41,42]. Int J Radiat Biol. In the lower SAR group, the , 1 and 2 bands were affected in the three subjects. Microwaves are widely used in households, industry, communications, and medical and military buildings, and they provide substantial contributions to the development of human society. After exposure to microwave radiation, during synaptic structural plasticity, presynaptic vesicles accumulate or empty, mitochondria are damaged, postsynaptic membranes are perforated, postsynaptic lengths and postsynaptic density distributions are abnormal, mossy fiber growth is inhibited during learning and memory functions, dendritic filopodial densities and activities are decreased, and there is a significant reduction of the dendritic spine density and dendritic fragment length [62]. 2000;11:16413. Concurrently, in the hippocampus, acetylcholine can promote learning and memory [115, 116]. Wang et al. Am J Epidemiol. This study also revealed the dose-dependent relationship of the modulated microwave effect: decreasing the SAR 100-fold reduced the associated changes in the EEG by three- to six-fold and decreased the number of affected subjects but did not completely eliminate the effects. Ellis CE, Murphy EJ, Mitchell DC, Golovko MY, Scaglia F, Barcel-Coblijn GC, et al. Effects of fetal microwave radiation exposure on offspring behavior in mice. Verma et al. Effects of isothermal 2.45 GHz microwave radiation on the mammalian cell Ci ihff fihl2MHdifdi i Bi l h. C Spr '05 Inan, OT Thermal effects of RF he above diagram depicts the electric field alternations, at a frequency f, of the The experimental rats were divided into six groups of 3 adult rats and 3 young rats in each group (with control, GSM alone and call-receiving subgroups in each group). 2003;11:346. 1999;9:3438. Gene. 2015;51:15865. CAS [61] found that after pregnant rats were irradiated with 9.417GHz microwaves, the behavior of their offspring differed, and the outcome was sex-dependent. 2002;64:31353. Clinics. Google Scholar. The induced genes encoded proteins with a variety of functions, including neurotransmitter regulation, BBB maintenance, and melatonin production. Google Scholar. Appl Biochem Biotechnol. . Hardell L, Carlberg M, Mild KH, Eriksson M. Case-control study on the use of mobile and cordless phones and the risk for malignant melanoma in the head and neck region. After studying these effects, Hertel concluded that microwaving food leads to food degeneration. Proliferation and apoptosis in a neuroblastoma cell line exposed to 900 MHz modulated radiofrequency field. The microwave energy can be changed to warm up the food because this energy is absorbed by food & it does not prepare food contaminated or radioactive. Effects of 2.4 GHz radiofrequency radiation emitted from Wi-Fi equipment on microRNA expression in brain tissue. 2013;32:27380. Dasdag S, Akdag MZ, Erdal ME, Erdal N, Ay OI, Ay ME, et al. Singh S, Mani KV, Kapoor N. Effect of occupational EMF exposure from radar at two different frequency bands on plasma melatonin and serotonin levels. Privacy This study concerns the effects of microwave on health because they pervade diverse fields of our lives. [41] exposed rats to 2.45GHz microwaves (2 pulse width, 500 pps, and SAR 0.6W/kg) for 45min and found that microwave-induced behavioral alterations measured by Lai had more to do with factors related to performance bias than to spatial working memory. 2005;161:3314. Correspondence to 1 of 41 Harmful effects of microwaves on living beings Oct. 04, 2015 4 likes 4,519 views Download Now Download to read offline Environment The presentation proves beyond any doubt, the harmful affects of microwaves and radio frequency waves on humans and other living beings Padmanabhan Krishnan Follow Dr. Effect of mobile radiation on health ppt . Mil Med Sci. 1999;4:102. 2012;31:25074. Dasdag S, Akdag MZ, Kizil G, Kizil M, Cakir DU, Yokus B. Neurologic and biochemical findings and CD4/CD8 ratio in people occupationally exposed to RF and microwave. Wang et al. [20] divided the radar workers into three sets: control group (n=68), exposure group I (n=40, exposed to 812GHz) and exposure group II (n=58, working with radar at 12.518.0GHz). Electromagn Biol Med. The effects of microwave radiation on protein synthesis in brain remain undetermined. Brain proteome response following whole body exposure of mice to mobile phone or wireless DECT base radiation. Schz J, Waldemar G, Olsen JH, Johansen C. Risks for central nervous system diseases among mobile phone subscribers: a Danish retrospective cohort study. Evaluation of Psychologic parameters in people occupationally exposed to radiofrequencies and microwave. 2013;23:306. Szmigielski S. Cancer morbidity in subjects occupationally exposed to high frequency (radiofrequency and microwave) electromagnetic radiation. Medical and biological aspects of the effects of non-ionizing electromagnetic (EM) fields and radiation on human health . Annu Rev Physiol. Krylova I, Dukhanin A, Il'in A, Kuznetsova EY, Balaeva N, Shimanovskii N, et al. Myhrer T. Neurotransmitter systems involved in learning and memory in the rat: a meta-analysis based on studies of four behavioral tasks. Mortazavi et al. Suppl Clin Neurophysiol. Campisi A, Gulino M, Acquaviva R, Bellia P, Raciti G, Grasso R, et al. It has also been reported that acute exposure to continuous waves of 900MHz EMF or 900MHz waves that were modulated to an amplitude of 50Hz increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and DNA fragmentation as a result of the hyperstimulation of glutamate receptors [73]. However, Li et al. Is nuclear respiratory factor 2 a master transcriptional coordinator for all ten nuclear-encoded cytochrome c oxidase subunits in neurons? Sci STKE. Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. Mobile phone use facilitates memory in male, but not female, subjects. Functional plasticity is affected in other ways, including the abnormal release and uptake of brain amino acids such as choline and monoamine neurotransmitters, a decrease in excitatory postsynaptic potential amplitudes and spikes in long-term potentiating (LTP) in the medial perforated pathway (MPP) in the dentate gyrus (DG) [27]. Neuroscience. Acetylcholine: cognitive and brain functions. CAS Qiao S, Peng R, Yan H, Gao Y, Wang C, Wang S, et al. Hippocampal acetylcholine release during memory testing in rats: augmentation by glucose. Wang Q, Cao Z. The potential mechanisms underlying these damaging effects range from gene expression alterations in the respiratory chain, membrane damage, Ca2+ overloading, and DNA impairment [122,123,124,125,126,127,128]. Many intricate electrical activities occur in the central nervous system, including learning and memory, which are therefore vulnerable to electromagnetic radiation. Phot J. Cassel JC, Cosquer B, Galani R, Kuster N. Whole-body exposure to 2.45 GHz electromagnetic fields does not alter radial-maze performance in rats. Brain cancer with induction periods of less than 10 years in young military radar workers. This damage plays a key role in the structural and functional changes that are accelerated by neuronal degeneration. Eastern J Med. Int J Epidemiol. Biotechnol Biotechnol Equip. Behav Brain Res. However, these effects were not observed in radial arm maze tests. Hinrikus H, Bachmann M, Lass J, Karai D, Tuulik V. Effect of low frequency modulated microwave exposure on human EEG: individual sensitivity. Bioelectromagnetics. Article Specifically, the Federal Communications . J Radiat Res (Tokyo). [85] found that protein levels were reduced in rat brains following microwave radiation, which may have been caused by the excessive consumption or a reduction of the synthesis of proteins, and reduced protein synthesis can be caused by the following processes: (1) excessive activation of RNA enzymes; (2) mRNA consumption or the formation and maturation of RNA enzymes. 2013;5:5500110. [38] exposed Wistar rats to a 2.856GHz pulsed microwave field for 6min. Abe M, Bonini NM. Article Oxidative stress refers to an imbalance between oxidants and antioxidants in vivo and is characterized by a biochemical state that tends toward oxidization, including the formation of oxygen free radicals (i.e., ROS) and nitrogen radicals reactive nitrogen species (RNS), which play major roles in oxidation. Additionally, in the 2.4W/kg group, neuronal filopodial density and activity were lower on day 8, and there was a reduction of the dendritic spine maturity on day 14. Biol Chem. An increase in anxiety-related behaviors and a decrease in depression-related behavior were observed in both female and male offspring. Dasdag S, Bilgin H, Akdag M, Celik H, Aksen F. Effect of long term mobile phone exposure on oxidative-antioxidative processes and nitric oxide in rats. 2014:125. The increase in M1 receptor gene expression along with the impairment of novel preferences in Wi-Fi-exposed animals may suggest a possible role of the cholinergic system in the detrimental effects of Wi-Fi radiation on multisensory integration [100]. 2006;27:16471. After exposure to microwave irradiation (an average power density of 30mW/m2 for 5min/d on five days a week for two consecutive months), the expression of NR2B was decreased in rats, the level of Glu was increased in the hippocampus and cerebrospinal fluid, spatial memory ability was decreased among rats with the TT genotype, and there was no change in the CC type and TC type animals. Raised glucose levels enhance scopolamine-induced acetylcholine overflow from the hippocampus: an in vivo microdialysis study in the rat. Neurobiol Learn Mem. Mitochondrial lipid abnormality and electron transport chain impairment in mice lacking -synuclein. Physiol Behav. Chizhenkova R. Slow potentials and spike unit activity of the cerebral cortex of rabbits exposed to microwaves. [49] found that microwave radiation enhanced brain wave energy, decreased brain wave frequency, and increased the amplitude and power of delta frequency bands, indicating a decrease in learning ability [50,51,52,53]. PubMed Each Wi-Fi exposure and restraint occurred for 2h/d during gestation until parturition. 1999;75:44756. millimeter, or equivalently. Koivisto M, Krause CM, Revonsuo A, Laine M, Hmlinen H. The effects of electromagnetic field emitted by GSM phones on working memory. Long term and excessive use of 900 MHz radiofrequency radiation alter microRNA expression in brain. These results explain the genetic mechanisms by which microwave radiation induces damage to learning and memory. The above results indicate a positive biological effect of microwave radiation and present a challenge with regard to how people can benefit from microwave radiation. Resting state cortical EEG rhythms in Alzheimer's disease: toward EEG markers for clinical applications: a review. [92] found that 900MHz microwave radiation emitted by mobile phones increased protein carbonyl levels in the brains of rats, suggesting that 900MHz microwave radiation can alter some biomolecules such as proteins. Regional changes in brain glucose metabolism reflect cognitive impairments in aged rats. It has been shown that neurons are sensitive to reductions in the availability of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the main source of energy in mitochondria, which have been reported to be vulnerable to microwave radiation [118]. Li Z, Peng RY, Wang SM, Wang LF, Gao YB, Ji D, et al. Neurosci Lett. Messier C, Durkin T, Mrabet O, Destrade C. Memory-improving action of glucose: indirect evidence for a facilitation of hippocampal acetylcholine synthesis. Dasdag S, Balci K, Celik M, Batun S, Kaplan A, Bolaman Z, et al. In 2011, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) announced that microwave radiation has potentially carcinogenic effects (2B). The direct cause of the observed neuronal damage may have been apoptosis induced by the microwave radiation, and an indirect cause may have been an increase in permeability of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), which would allow the traversal of toxic substances that could cause damage. 2014;70:84555. However,. The role of microRNAs in cancer. In a study investigating the influence of low-frequency microwave (450MHz) radiation on EEG, Hinrikus et al. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. Qutob S, Chauhan V, Bellier P, Yauk C, Douglas G, Berndt L, et al. CAS Lu M, Zhu J, Qian C, Wang G, Nie J, Tong J. Role of distinct NMDA receptor subtypes at central synapses. 2011;343:5224. 1992;6:379. [104] found that exposure to a 1.9GHz pulse-modulated RF field for 4h at 0.1, 1.0, and 10W/kg did not affect gene expression in U87MG glioblastoma cells. JAMA. Cellular telephones and cancera nationwide cohort study in Denmark. Thurczy G, Kubinyi G, Bodo M, Bakos J, Szabo L. Simultaneous response of brain electrical activity (EEG) and cerebral circulation (REG) to microwave exposure in rats. 2001;12:72931. 2017;326:291. A large number of studies have shown that microwave radiation can cause a series of adverse reactions in the central nervous system, including sleep disorders in addition to learning and memory impairments. [103] found that microwave radiation caused DNA single-strand and double-strand breaks in vivo in populations submitted to occupational exposure, and the incidence of micronuclei in lymphocytes was significantly increased. orrin and orson west parents, what happens if you eat red meat on good friday, 80th training command,